Nuclear Weapons Scars on the earth Essay Example For Students

Atomic Weapons: Scars on the earth Essay Sean Anthony PulsiferMrs. Karen YeagerAdvanced Composition 123 December 1999Nuclear Weapons: Scars on the EarthNuclear weapons have a dependable and crushing impact on the world for a long time after an underlying blast. Aftermath from United States air testing from 1945 to 1963 executed an expected 70,000 to 800,000 individuals around the world. Individuals who have worked in the early atomic weapons programs have been presented to critical measures of radiation (Schwartz 395). At the point when an atomic weapon goes off, there are four fundamental sorts of blasts: air blasts, surface impact, subsurface burst, and high height burst. An air burst happens when a weapon is exploded at a tallness so the fireball doesn't arrive at the outside of the earth (Effects Nuclear Explosions). At the point when the stun wave hits the ground, the principal wave will bob off to make a subsequent wave. At the point when the impact is higher off the ground, the underlying stun wave will be more fragile, however will impact a bigger region (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). By fluctuating the height of the blast, one can change the impact impacts, warm impacts, and radiation impacts. Albeit at first radiation will be a peril, yet the aftermath risk will be very nearly zero. A surface burst happens when a bomb is exploded on or marginally over the earth. Under these conditions, the fireball will experience the earth. Rather than air blasts, aftermath can be a risk (Effects Nuclear Explosions). In a surface impact, the stun wave will travel better through the ground (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A subsurface burst happens when the bomb goes off underneath the land or under the water (Effects Nuclear Explosions).In a subsurface water blast, water would be what an individual would see. What's more, the stun wave an individual would see will convey up to 5% of the all out vitality. Waves shaped from the impact would be as much as ten meters high and travel for several miles. In the event that were to collide with a harbor or estuaries, it would cause monstrous demolition (Pittock 13). Normally a hole will be the outcome. A consequence of a subsurface impact will be substantial nearby aftermath radiation (Effects Nuclear Explosions). A subsurface bomb will likewise slice warm radiation to zero (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A high elevation burst happens when the impact is more than 30 kilometers high. The fireball from a high height burst will be enormous and travel a lot quicker. The radiation from the impact could go for many miles, consequently sullying an enormous territory. An impact like this could make an extraordinary electromagnetic heartbeat (EMP) which will demolish anything electronic (Effects Nuclear Explosions). The impact wave is shaped from high temperatures and moves from the focal point of the ground-zero. While extending, the pinnacles pressure diminishes, and the proliferation goes down from the supersonic speed. A large portion of the obliteration from an atomic impact is from the impact impacts. The scope of the impact will decide the touchy yield of the weapon (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). There are numerous hotspots for atomic radiation, for example, starting radiation, leftover radiation, and aftermath. About 5% of the entirety of the vitality from an atomic blast are as beginning radiation. Force from the impact will go down quickly with good ways from the impact, as a result of the enormous territory aftermath will travel. Lingering radiation comes in three structures: splitting items, unfissioned atomic material, and neutron-actuated action. There are in excess of 300 parting items. The greater part of these have short half-lives. Notwithstanding, some of them have half-experience that can be month or years. Unfissioned atomic material would be some uranium or plutonium that doesn't experience parting and are scattered from the blast. Neutron-prompted movement happens when cores are presented to a significant difference in neutron radiation, in this way making them radioactive. A little territory around ground-zero would be the most probable contender for neutron-incited movement. Maybe one of the most dangerous impacts of an atomic impact would be aftermath. Aftermath comes in t hree significant structures: Worldwide aftermath, neighborhood aftermath, and meteorological impacts. Overall aftermath happens after an atomic impact and little particles are drawn up into the environment and will go by climatic breezes and choose the earth. There is a drawn out peril of overall aftermath in view of the isotopes strontium-90 and cesium-137, which have an extremely long half-life. These will enter the body from food that has been tainted with these two radioactive isotopes. In a surface impact, a lot of garbage will be disintegrated by the extreme warmth of the fireball and be sucked up into the radioactive cloud. By doing this, the material will get radioactive and fall back to the earth as neighborhood aftermath. At the point when an individual remains in a polluted zone, they will be influenced by radiation. Meteorological impacts will impact aftermath, no doubt neighborhood aftermath. A few components from meteorological impacts that could quicken nearby afterma th would be day off downpour (Effects Nuclear Explosions). History Of Unions And Their Relevance In Todays Australian Society EssayA most dire outcome imaginable of an atomic trade would be an atomic winter. An atomic winter happens when a bomb goes off, making dust fly up and shut out the daylight. The most pessimistic scenario of atomic winter would be a Case 9. This would happen when seventy five percent of every superpowers weapons are shot off momentarily, in spite of the fact that this is dissimilar to occur. The aftereffects of this would be awful. In a 10,000 MT (uber ton) case, the air temperature worldwide would be brought down to about - 53oF for a while (Child 64,68). One of the primary impacts of atomic war on the biosphere would be fire. The flames can be arranged into three gatherings lower, upper, and underground. The lower gathering would comprise of greenery, grass, woodland litter, and fallen branches. These kinds of flames would be the most far reaching. The upper gathering is comprised of trees, and the grass front of the dirt. In an underground fire, a large portion of what is being scorched is the tree roots (Svirezhev 33). Flames can likewise be begun in a roundabout way, by methods for impact harm. This would be brought about by harm caused to gas line, water warmers, and heaters. Be that as it may, a lot of material must consume for an extensive stretch before it would act naturally continuing (Harris 36). After an atomic war, food supplies would be at a low level Crops would be more vulnerable against battling maladies, and the temperature change from a potential atomic winter would murder of a portion of the yields. As the years would go on, yields would be misused, making them abbreviate their drawn out efficiency (Harwell 476-477)Post-war impacts would have little impact on the ice biological system since they are utilized to the chilly climate. Plants would probably go into a lethargic state brought upon by the chilly climate. This would make most herbivores die in light of the fact that there would basically be insufficient food. Truth be told, a few creatures could get terminated. The woods biological system would be hit the hardest. This biological system would need to manage fire, cold, dry season, radiation, and locally high grouping of exceptionally harmful gases. In the event that the assault were to be in the winter, most trees would be in their torpid stage and may have t he option to withstand these conditions. In the southern districts, trees would not be prepared for the abrupt attack of the chilly climate. Around one to seventy five percent of the plants would kick the bucket from the chilly climate. In a tropical environment, the impacts would be obliterating. The temperatures are generally steady. Precipitation would be decreased from 25%-100% and light levels could be down to simply 10%. One other impact would be improved probability of expanded typhoon action. Ozone consumptions from the bright radiation would reach as high as 20%-30% in a short measure of time. UV-B beams can be consumed by DNA, in this manner harming them hopeless. Among people, expanded UV-B introduction would prompt skin infections, eye maladies, and changes in the invulnerable framework (Dotto 94-96, 105-106). Starting at only a couple of years prior, the United States has been spending more than two billion dollars on atomic weapon activities and projects (Schwartz 588). Notwithstanding, is this country settling on the correct decision by spending a colossal measure of cash on these projects? The essayist of this paper might want to close with a statement: There is no protected degree of radiation introduction. So the inquiry isn't: What is a sheltered level? The inquiry is: How extraordinary is the Risk? Karl Z. MorganWorks CitedBiological Effects of a Nuclear Explosion. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.236.112/nuke/direct/usa/regulation/dod.fm8-9/1ch4.htm. Kid, James W. Atomic War the Moral Dimension. New Brunswick (USA): Social Philosophy and Policy Center and By Transaction, Inc., 1986. Dotto, Lydia. Planet Earth in Jeopardy Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. Incredible Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Impacts of Nuclear Weapons Section I-General. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/control/usa/teaching/dod/fm8-9/1ch3.htm. Harris, John B., and Markusen, Eric. Atomic Weapons and the Threat of Nuclear War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1986. Harwell, M.A., and Hutchinson T.C. Natural Consequences of Nuclear War Volume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects. Extraordinary Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Langer, Victor and Thomas, Walter. Atomic War Funbook, The. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982. Note on Nuclear Radiation, A. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/cut/Library/DamagePittock, A. B. et al. Ecological Consequences of Nuclear War Volume I Physical and Atmospheric Effects. Incredible Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Schwartz, Stephen I. Nuclear Audit. Harrisonburg, Virginia: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Area 5.0 Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Air Pollution Causes and Effects Free Essays

Air Pollution: Causes and Effects It keeps us alive and yet, it can likewise be destructive. We inhale air ordinary. Air furnishes us with oxygen that is basic for living. We will compose a custom article test on Air Pollution: Causes and Effects or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Nitrogen, water fume, and idle gases involve air alongside oxygen. Discharge of substances that sully air results to contamination. Air contamination is both normal and human-based. Normal air contamination is brought about by wonder, for example, volcanic emission, wind disintegration, deterioration and radioactive materials. Composing article can just do as much in clarifying each cause. Volcanic ejections send sulfur dioxide, huge amounts of debris, and sediment into the air which blends in with water fume to shape corrosive downpour. Soil particles can likewise be conveyed to the air during wind disintegration. This occurs in regions with less vegetation where soil can't be held together. Microbes that feed on rotting natural issue like plants or creatures produce methane and carbon dioxide, which are discharged into the environment. Earth’s outside layer is made is made out of a radioactive component called Uranium. Uranium transforms into Radium once it rots a short time later framing Radon. Radon is a gas that consolidates with air through dissipation. Human exercises or anthropogenic sources additionally cause air contamination. These exercises for the most part include consuming of fuel. Fixed sources incorporate production lines and force plants. Portable sources, then again, are engine vehicles, airplane, and water vessels. There are as yet other human-based reasons for air contamination. Landfills, where squanders get disintegrated, produce methane. Utilization of airborne splashes and the preferences likewise add to air contamination. Air contamination spreads effectively as it goes into the climate. Individuals get presented to air contamination not simply outside. Indeed, even in the solaces of our homes and work environments, air contamination can likewise happen. This is known as indoor contamination. Our respiratory and cardiovascular frameworks get influenced via air contamination. The wellbeing hazard air contamination presents rely upon the kind of compound our bodies were presented to, and the level of presentation. It can either be present moment or long haul. Instances of transient impacts are eye bothering, hacking, and wheezing. While long haul impacts incorporate coronary illness, lung malignant growth, and harm to imperative organs, for example, cerebrum, liver, or kidneys. Air contamination can likewise compound a person’s ailment. People are by all account not the only casualties of air contamination. Condition additionally endures. You may have found out about this over again as air contamination impacts is a typical theme recorded as a hard copy article. Corrosive downpour can be deadly to trees and plants once it infiltrates the dirt and raises its acridity. Corrosive downpour likewise makes harm properties. It consumes materials made of stone like sculptures and landmarks. Air contamination has for quite some time been a worldwide issue. You can help increment mindfulness on the most proficient method to ensure air by composing paper . Take your part in decreasing air contamination, and spare lives. The most effective method to refer to Air Pollution: Causes and Effects, Essay models

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When Youre Highly Sensitive

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When You're Highly Sensitive If you are wondering if you are a highly sensitive person, it is quite possible that you actually are. This fact might be affecting your relationship with stress in your life. People who are considered highly sensitive people tend to feel things more deeply than others, detect lifes subtleties more easily, and be more reactive to stimuli both internal and external. They are people who may be more bothered by an itchy shirt or an abrasive friend. They are also people who will notice when someone needs a hug or detect when something bad is about to happen and change course. Unfortunately, this heightened sensitivity and awareness can translate into vigilance, rumination, and extra stress at times. Here is how to cope with the additional and unique stress of being a highly sensitive person, whether the sensitive person is you or someone you care about. Set up Boundaries When we speak of boundaries, we mean boundaries in your relationships, but we also mean it in other ways as well. This means becoming more comfortable letting people know where you stand and what you needâ€"classic boundary-setting techniques.  But we also mean things like creating some extra wiggle room in your schedule so you dont feel stressed when things inevitably go wrong, pile on, or require an extra response from you. Practice Mindfulness and Meditation These practices are closely related to the idea of setting boundaries. Thats because this involves creating a perimeter around your experiences in life and your thoughts and feelings about them through the practices of meditation and mindfulness. When you practice meditation, you learn to step back and observe your thoughts and feelings, and even your physical reactions as separate from your life and your self. With practice, a few important things happen. You learn to calm your body more quickly, reversing your stress response and returning to a place of calmness. You also learn to detach from things emotionally more easily so if things feel overwhelming, you dont get swept away in the flood of emotion as easily. It helps you to stay grounded, It can also help you to build resilience to stress. All of this should make it worth the effort for anyone, but this is particularly true for the highly sensitive person. Relaxing Zones for  Yourself This can mean having your home be soothing and relatively free of conflict. This can be done by adding a few elements known to relieve stress, such as soothing music and aromatherapy, and having down time there on a regular basis. This can also mean that you keep your close relationships as conflict-free as possible. This can be accomplished by learning conflict-resolution techniques and assertiveness, both of which can provide you with the tools you need to work through difficulties that may arise between you and your loved ones. Ultimately, it also means that you can choose people in your life to be part of your inner circle after they have proved themselves worthy of it, and you can put distance between yourself and those who drain you, frustrate you, or devalue you. When you have a supportive circle of people who will listen and care when you have a problem to deal with in your life, it can be even more soothing to you if you are sensitive; sensitive people need to feel understood and supported a little more than others, and they are wonderful in their capacity to offer this back as well. But it is important to save your supportiveness for those who will return it, at least in part, rather than those who will drain you and desert you, or inspire self-doubt. Practice Self-Care As a highly sensitive person, you are probably more susceptible to the ravages of sleep deprivation, poor nutrition, and burnout. This means you need to be sure to get enough sleep at night (or supplement with naps when necessary), eat healthy meals, and take care of your body, mind, and spirit in whatever ways you can. This will leave you more able to handle whatever comes your way. Know Your Triggers Highly sensitive people all have their unique challenges. It helps to know what stresses you the most so you can avoid these things in your life. Pay attention to how you feel throughout the day, and even maintain a stress journal if necessary. Be proactive in adding resilience-building practices as well as eliminating stressors whenever possible.   You may not be able to change the fact that you are sensitive, but you can absolutely change your lifestyle and habits so that youre less affected by those stressors you cant control. After a while, this will become second nature and you will feel more resilient toward stress in general. Then you can simply enjoy the benefits that come with being sensitive.

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 983 Words

Catcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of him that the audience hasn’t seen before. Phoebe really influenced Holden throughout the entire book. When he takes her to the movies Phoebe is able to differentiate and tell if Holden is taking her for a good or bad movie. Yet she does not mind if the movie is bad or good. â€Å"Youd like her...she knows its a pretty good movie† (67). Holden talks a lot about about his sister in this part. Since he is talking a lot about her it shows how important she is to Holden. By doing this i t displays how great Phoebe is. Phoebe is this super smart person and Holden likes to compare her to Alie. Through Holdens dialogue it seems that he really emphasizes on how he loved the red of hair of both Phoebe and Alie. Both of them did have red hair that Holden liked a lot and both are really young when Holden describes them. This shows that Holden likes them being young and Salinger emphasizes on how Holden loves kids because of their innocence. Holden wants to try to preserve this innocence inShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and H olden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger507 Words   |  2 PagesJ.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings inRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

The Rights Of Free Speech - 1182 Words

Raphael Cohen-Almagor did a remarkable job at addressing the current state of affairs in the nation of Israel when it comes to the presence of hate speech against minorities and how to appropriately resolve issues of hate speech without infringing on the rights of free speech that is important for the existence of democracy. The purpose of using this document by Emily Foster is to use the contents of the article to help support their current position on the act of democratic censorship, but wither it be in a way to promote censorship in order to maintain order, or to remove censorship as a way to promote free speech is unclear to me. In regards to Cohen-Almagor, I find the choice of using Israel as a focus for the research for the†¦show more content†¦For the research to be derived from this article, it would be my suggestion to include democratic nations with a more solid constitutional foundation with more enforceable forms of legislation. When identifying what forms of le gislation or other methods to regulate hate speech exist, and how effective these methods are, it would be wise to include not only wither or not the method has worked, but wither or not the culture of the nation has influenced the effectiveness of the actions taken. In Israel while the country may have written laws prohibiting certain actions in order to change cultural actions, the people will find ways to obey the law while still following those cultural traditions. The addressing of context and status in society in regards to hate speech was a very strong are to address that the original writer Cohen-Almagor touched on. Hate speech among individuals who have known each other for an extended period of time may not be seen as offensive within that enclosed group. The actions will seem more along the lines of playful banter, and the expressions or reactions of the individuals will reflect this. Hate speech between two strangers will have a much different result being that the indiv iduals do not have any knowledge of the other individual to the depth that friends and family may have, so hate speech towards that individual will be seen as, and act in, an aggressive attack on the individual. Now it is in theseShow MoreRelatedThe Right Of Free Speech1266 Words   |  6 Pagestested. In the 1700s, the right of free speech was challenged when President John Adams proposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams attempted to stop the Democratic Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson, from criticizing government decisions. Similarly, during the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln challenged freedom of the press when he took action to restrict the printing of military news. Lincoln ordered his generals in the field to control the press and â€Å"crack down on speech critical of his administration†Read MorePersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreThe Right Block Free Speech997 Words   |  4 Pagesprotect freedom of speech not to block or regulate it. The state has a role to protect liberties of all individuals not to define what should and should not be tolerated. Just as it is not the job of the state to institute policy on religion, it is not the states’ responsibility to regulate what freedoms of speech individual may and may not express. A classic debate in the realm of free speech, and the states right block free speech is where the line is drawn between free speech and offense. In anRead MoreInfringement Upon The Right Of Free Speech1356 Words   |  6 PagesInfringement Upon the Right of Free Speech One of the most notable rights stated in our constitution is the right to free speech. That right is engrained in the minds of every American since the creation of America itself, but currently the right to free speech is being tossed aside in the fear of conflict with opposing ideas or offensive content. College universities specifically have taken steps to impede upon this right through speech codes and other acts that restrict the right to speak freely.Read MoreShould Free Speech Be A Moral Right?1052 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, free speech has been one of the most touchiest arguments anyone has ever known. Whether people should be allowed to speak their mind to express their individuality, or to say what they believe is morally right. But should free speech be a moral right? It should not be considered a moral right in the sense that it cannot be under free reign. If there were no rules along with it, no one would be responsible for their actions. Or worse, it can actually give people an excuseRead MoreThe Right Of Free Speech And Freedom Of Press1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe right many Americans take for granted every day is the ability to speak to one another and to express their opinions through verbal and non-verbal means of communication. The First Amendment provides the right of free speech and freedom of press to the people. The Bill of Rights, also known as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution went into effect on Dec. 15, 1791, when the state of Virginia ratified it, giving the bill the majority of ratifying states required to protect citizens fromRead MoreGun Laws And The Rights Of Free Speech1748 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep an d bear Arms, shall no be infringed.† If you don’t know already, I chose to write about the 2nd Amendment, more specifically gun laws in the U.S. and the role they play in our political system and everyday lives. Gun laws and the interpretation of the 2nd amendment are constantly changing and so are our opinions but lately it seems that the outcome of some of these laws, or lack their ofRead MoreFree Speech Is A Matter Of Liberty And Right2026 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature and for our religious developments and aids. It is an established fact that the Constitution of India guarantees most vital and vivacious rights to its citizens. These rights also include certain fundamental freedoms. Expression is a matter of liberty and right. The liberty of thought and right to know are the sources of expression. Free Speech is conscious cord of the democracy. Freedom of expression is integral to the growth, development and fulfillment of individual personality. FreedomRead More The Human Right Of Free Speech And Intellectual Property Rights1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthese systems address, I have, for simplicities sake, chosen to discuss only the issues of the human right of free speech and intellectual property rights. Before diving into the types of ethical systems, I will offer a brief definition of human right issues and intellectual property rights. Human rights are defined by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is â€Å"Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnicRead MoreEssay on Interaction of Free Speech and Right to Privacy1753 Words   |  8 PagesHow do free speech and privacy rights interact with each other in a country? Where does the boundary lie between free speech and privacy? The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states that: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.†1 It is true that the

Cash Flow Free Essays

Profitability Ratios: How Profitable is the Company? Net sales/Net profit after taxes The information necessary to determine a company’s profit as a percentage of sales can be found in the company’s income statement. 1. Magnetronics’ profit as a percentage of sales for 1999 was $1,307 divided by $48,769, or 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now 68%. 2. This represented a decrease from 3. 6% in 1995. 3. The deterioration in profitability resulted from a decrease in cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales, and from a decrease in operating expenses as a percentage of sales. The only favorable factor was the decrease in the income tax paid. Management and investors are often more interested in the return earned on the funds invested than in the level of profits as a percentage of sales. Companies operating in businesses requiring very little investment in assets often have low profit margins but earn very attractive returns on invested funds. Conversely, there are numerous examples of companies in very capital-intensive businesses that earn miserably low returns on invested funds, despite seemingly attractive profit margins. Therefore, it is useful to examine the return earned on the funds provided by the shareholders and by the â€Å"investors† in the company’s interest-bearing debt. To increase the comparability across companies, it is useful to use EBIAT (earnings before interest but after taxes) as the measure of return. The use of EBIAT as the measure of return also allows the analyst to compare the return on invested capital (calculated before the deduction of interest expense), with the company’s estimated cost of capital to determine the long-term adequacy of the company’s profitability. 4. Magnetronics had a total of $15,249 of capital at year-end 1999 and arned before interest but after taxes (EBIAT) $1,824 during 1999. Its return on invested capital is calculated as follows: Earnings before interest but after taxes (EBIAT)/Owners’ equity plus interest – bearing debt In 1999 this figures was %, which represented a decrease from the 14. 67% earned in 199 5. From the viewpoint of the shareholders, an equally important figure is the company’s return on equity. Return on equity is calculated by dividing profit after tax by the owners’ equity. Profit after taxes/ Owners’ equity Return on equity Return on equity indicates how profitably the company is utilizing shareholders’ funds. . Magnetronics had $12,193 of owners’ equity and earned $1,307 after taxes in 1999. Its return on equity was 10. 72%, a deterioration from the 15. 22% earned in 1995. Management can â€Å"improve† (or â€Å"hurt†) its return on equity in several ways. Each method of â€Å"improvement† differs substantially in nature. The analyst must get behind the return on equity figures and must understand the underlying causes of any changes. For example, did Return on Sales improve? Did the company’s management of assets change? Did the company increase the use of borrowed funds relative to owners’ equ ity? These three possible explanations are combined in the Du Pont system of ratio analysis: ROE Net Income/Sales x Sales/Assets x Assets/Equity Activity Ratios: How Well Does a Company Employ Its Assets? The second basic type of financial ratio is the activity ratio. Activity ratios indicate how well a company employs its assets. Ineffective utilization of assets results in the need for more finance, unnecessary interest costs, and a correspondingly lower return on capital employed. Furthermore, low activity ratios or a deterioration in the activity ratios may indicate uncollectible accounts receivables or obsolete inventory or equipment Total asset turnover measures the company’s effectiveness in utilizing its total assets and is calculated by dividing total assets into sales: Net sales/Total assets 1. Total asset turnover for Magnentronics in 1999 can be calculated by dividing $48,769 into $22,780. The turnover deteriorated from 2. 17 times in 1995 to 2. 14 times in 1999. It is useful to examine the turnover ratios for each type of asset, as the use of total assets may hide important problems in one of the specific asset categories. One important category is accounts receivables. The average collection period measures the number of days that the company must wait on average between the time of sale and the time when it is paid. The average collection period is calculated in two steps. First, divide annual credit sales by 365 days to determine average sales per day: Net credit sales/365 days Then, divide the accounts receivable by average sales per day to determine the number of days of sales that are still unpaid: Accounts receivable/Credit sales per day 2. Magnetronics had $7,380 invested in accounts receivables at year-end 1999. Its average sales per day were $133,614 during 1999 and its average collection period was 55. 23 days. This represented an improvement from the average collection period of 58. 68 days in 1995. A third activity ratio is the inventory turnover ratio, which indicates the effectiveness with which the company is employing inventory. Since inventory is recorded on the balance sheet at cost (not at its sales value), it is advisable to use cost of goods sold as the measure of activity. The inventory turnover figure is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by inventory: Cost of goods sold/Inventory 3. Magnetronics apparently needed $8,220 of inventory at year-end 1999 to support its operations during 1999. Its activity during 1999 as measured by the cost of goods sold was $29,700. It therefore had an inventory turnover of 3. 61 times. This represented a deterioration from 4. 76 times in 1995. A fourth and final activity ratio is the fixed asset turnover ratio which measures the effectiveness of the company in utilizing its plant and equipment: Net sales/Net fixed assets 4. Magnetronics had net fixed assets of $5,160 and sales of $48,769 in 1999. Its fixed asset turnover ratio in 1999 was 9. 45 times, an improvement from 7. 8 times in 1995. 5. So far, we have discussed three measure of profitability: They are (a) return of equity (b) return on invested capital and (c) net profit margin. We have also discussed four activity ratios which measure the effectiveness of the company in utilizing its assets: they are (d) total asset turnover (e) asset turnover ratio (f) inventory turnover ratio and (g) average collection period. 6. The deterioration in Magnetronics’ operating profits as a percentage of total assets between 1995 and 1999 resulted primarily from inefficient use of inventory and total assets, increase in COGS and operating expenses as a ercentage of sales. Leverage Ratios: How Soundly is the Company Financed? The third basic type of financial ratio is the leverage ratio. The various leverage ratios measure the relationship of funds supplied by creditors and the funds supplied by the owners. The use of borrowed funds by profitable companies will improve the return on equity. However, it increases the riskiness of the business and, if used in excessive amounts, can result in financial embarrassment. One leverage ratio, the debt ratio, measures the total funds provided by creditors as a percentage of total assets: Total liabilities/Total assets Total liabilities include both current and long-term liabilities. 1. The total liabilities of Magnetronics as of December 31, 1999, were $10,587 or 46. 47% of total assets. This represented a decrease from 48. 55% as of December 31, 1995. Lenders — especially long-term lenders — want reasonable assurance that the firm will be able to repay the loan in the future. They are concerned with the relationship between total debt and the economic value of the firm. This ratio is called the total debt ratio at market. Total liabilities/(Total liabilities+Market value of the equity) The market value of equity is calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding of common stock times the market price per share. 2. The market value of Magnetronics’ equity is $14,275,000 at December 31, 1999. Its total debt ratio at market was 42. 58%. A second ratio that relates the level of debt to economic value and performance is the times interest earned ratio. This ratio relates earnings before interest and taxes — a measure of profitability and of long-term viability — to the interest expense — a measure of the level of debt. Earnings before interest and taxes/Interest expense 3. Magnetronics’ earnings before interest and taxes were $2,528 in 1999 and its interest charges were $517 . Its times interest earned was 4. 89 times. This represented a deterioration from the 1995 level of 7. 12 times. A fourth and final leverage ratio is the number of days of payables. This ratio measures the average number of days that the company is taking to pay its suppliers of raw materials and components. It is calculated by dividing annual purchases by 365 days to determine average purchases per day: Annual purchases/365 days Accounts payable are then divided by average purchases per day: Accounts payable/Average purchases per day to determine the number of days purchases that are still unpaid. It is often difficult to determine the purchases of a firm. Instead, the income statement shows cost of goods sold, a figure that includes not only raw materials but also labor and overhead. Thus, it often is only possible to gain a rough idea as to whether or not a firm is becoming more or less dependent on its suppliers for finance. This can be done by relating accounts payable to cost of goods sold, Accounts payable/Cost of goods sold and following this ratio over time. 4. Magnetronics owed its suppliers $2,820 at year-end 1999. This represented 9. 49% of cost of goods sold and was an increase from 8. 42% at year-end 1995. The company appears to be less prompt in paying its suppliers in 1999 than it was in 1995. 5. The deterioration in Magnetronics’ profitability, as measured by its return on equity, from 15. 2% in 1995 to 10. 7% in 1999 resulted from the combined impact of faster growth of equity than net income and increased COGS and operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. 6. The financial riskiness of Magnetronics increased between 1995 and 1999. Liquidity Ratios: How Liquid is the Company? The fourth basic type of financial ratio is the liquidity ratio. These ratios measure a company’s ability to meet financial obligations as they become current. The current ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, Current assets/Current liabilities assumes that current assets are much more readily and certainly convertible into cash than other assets. It relates these fairly liquid assets to the claims that are due within one year — the current liabilities. . Magnetronics held $17,620 of current assets at year-end 1999 and owed $7,531 to creditors due to be paid within one year. Its current ratio was 2. 34, a deterioration from the ratio of 2. 41 at year-end 1995. The quick ratio or acid test, is similar to the current ratio but excludes inventory from the current assets: (Current assets – Inventory)/Current liabilities Inve ntory is excluded because it is often difficult to convert into cash (at least at book value) if the company is struck by adversity. 2. The quick ratio for Magnetronics at year-end 1999 was 1. 25, a deterioration from the ratio of 1. 52 at year-end 1995. A Warning The calculated ratios are no more valid than the financial statements from which they are derived. The quality of the financial statements should be assessed, and appropriate adjustments made, before any ratios are calculated. Particular attention should be placed on assessing the reasonableness of the accounting choices and assumptions embedded in the financial statements. The Case of the Unidentified Industries The preceding exercise suggests a series of questions that may be helpful in assessing a company’s future financial health. It also describes several ratios that are useful in answering some of the questions, especially if the historical trend in these ratios is examine. However, it is also important to compare the actual absolute value with some standard to determine whether the company is performing well. Unfortunately, there is no single current ratio, inventory turnover, or debt ratio that is appropriate to all industries, and even within a specific industry, ratios may vary significantly among companies. The operating and competitive characteristics of the company’s industry greatly influence its investment in the various types of assets, the riskiness of these investments, and the financial structure of its balance sheet. Try to match the five following types of companies with their corresponding balance sheets and financial ratios as shown in Exhibit 3. 1. Electric utility B 2. Japanese trading companyD 3. Aerospace manufacturer E 4. Automobile manufacturer A 5. Supermarket chain C In doing the exercise, consider the operating and competitive characteristics of the industry and their implications for (1) the collection period, (2) inventory turnover, (3) the amount of plant and equipment and (4) the appropriate financial structure. Then identify which one of the five sets of balance sheets and financial ratios best matches your expectations. Exhibit 3Unidentified Balance Sheet – BEST MATCHES EXPECTATONS! | A| B| C| D| E| Balance Sheet Percentages| | | | | | Cash| 7. 6%| 2. 7%| 1. 4%| 7. 2%| 12. 7%| Receivables| 31. 7| 4. 7| 2. 9| 60. 3| 11. 5| Inventories| 5. 3| 2. 0| 23. 0| 8. | 48. 1| Other current assets| 1. 2| 3. 0| 1. 8| 7. 3| 0. 0| Property and equipment (net)| 30. 2| 66. 6| 49. 9| 4. 3| 25. 0| Other assets| 24. 0| 21. 0| 21. 0| 12. 2| 2. 7| Total assets| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | | | | | | Notes payable| 38. 4%| 4. 2%| 4. 6%| 50. 8%| 0. 9%| Accounts payable| 5. 5| 3. 0| 20. 0| 15. 2| 21. 5| Other current liabilities| 1. 5| 4. 7| 12. 7| 5. 7| 27. 4| Long-term debt| 17. 4| 30. 0| 37. 5| 22. 7| 8. 1| Other liabilities| 26. 5| 22. 9| 9. 8| 1. 3| 8. 1| Owners equity| 10. 7| 35. 2| 15. 4| 4. 3| 34. 0| Total liabilities and equity| 100. 0%| 100. %| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | | | | | | Selected RatIos| | | | | | Net profits/net sales| . 04| . 14| . 02| . 01| . 05| Net profits/total assets| . 03| . 05| . 06| . 01| . 03| Net profits/owners’ equity| . 29| . 14| . 41| . 13| . 10| Net sales/total assets| . 78| . 36| 3. 2| 2. 1| . 67| Collection period (days)| 149| 48| 3| 106| 63| Inventory turnover| 11| 10| 10| 23| 1. 1| Total liabilities/total assets| . 89| . 65| . 85| . 96| . 66| Long-term debt/owners equity| 1. 6| . 85| 2. 4| 5. 3| . 24| Current assets/current liabilities| 1. 0| 1. 0| . 8| 1. 0| 1. 4| Quick ratio| . 9| . 9| . 2| . 9| . 5| How to cite Cash Flow, Essay examples Cash flow Free Essays This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today’s business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course. In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and organizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180). For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory’, long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization’s value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for efficient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structu res separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35). Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and adaptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0). The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014). For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17). Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an efficient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). La stly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate. However, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today’s business world. Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast’s use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annotated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study. As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and preparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities. The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social responsibility and positive organizational performance. How to cite Cash flow, Papers

They Say / I Say the Moves free essay sample

That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst BY arrange They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst Awes mom They Say / I Say shows that writing well means mastering some key rhetorical moves, the most important of which involves summarizing what others have said (they say) to set up ones own argument (I say). In addition to explaining the basic moves, this book provides writing templates that show students explicitly how to make these moves in their own writing.Now available in two versions, with and without an anthology of 32 readings. . Personal Review: They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst I begrudgingly bought this book for my senior seminar. I thought it would be a bit childish for the class and the expected maturity level of the students therein. As a result, it sat on my bookshelf, ignored for most of the semester. We will write a custom essay sample on They Say / I Say: the Moves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is, until I was having problems writing my final paper. At a loss, I turned to this book, and immediately started kicking myself for not doing so sooner.Every other writing guide and style book I have come across has been largely useless and rough reading. Graff and Birr kinetics efforts succeed where these others have failed. Their book is not only accessible, but well divided into manageable parts that are rich in advice, but not overwhelmingly so. I started the book doubtful of their strategies, particularly the use of templates. However, I was quickly won over. I soon came to see that rather than stifling, the templates helped arrange what I was trying to say in a way that made it much easier to make my points.

Andok’s Lechon Manok Essay Essays

Andok’s Lechon Manok Essay Essays Andok’s Lechon Manok Essay Paper Andok’s Lechon Manok Essay Paper Andok’s Lechon Manok is one of the longest and most popular joint poulet in our state. This company was started by the so called male parent of â€Å"Litson Manok. † Leonardo â€Å"Sandy† Javier Jr. twenty old ages ago. He said that he encountered legion letdowns and battles in prolonging their concern particularly when they have a batch of rivals like Baliwag but he did non give up. He made his concern his passion and was really determined to be successful. When he was still get downing. he did non hold the capital to get down a concern. He was forced to borrow twelve poulets from his mother’s friend. Unfortunately. he merely sold two poulets. His battles in life inspired him to endeavor harder and to be a better enterpriser. He experimented with the different ingredients to capture what we know today as the hallmark Andok’s gustatory sensation. Before. he started with 12 poulets until it boosted its day-to-day stock list to eighty poulets. His concern started germinating because he said that he loves what he is making and he believes so much in his concern. Up to day of the month. Javier continues to turn Andok’s with its bill of fare spread outing to include liempo. porc chop. sinigang. etc. Andok’s besides opened its doors to franchising. Because of their efficient and systematic franchise support. an â€Å"AA† criterion for Good Fabrication Practices ( GMP ) has been obtained by their Metro Manila commissary and nominative â€Å"AAA† criterion GMP for Iloilo commissary. For the consumer’s better entree. Andok’s were strategically located in topographic points where it is seeable and accessible from major thoroughfares ; rider terminuss of public public-service corporation vehicles ; community centres or promenades ; near markets ; commercial/ concern territory ; and countries with high pes and vehicle traffic. To keep the quality of the nutrient being served. all stocks and ingredients will be supplied from the Andok’s production installation pre-portioned. marinated and ready-to-cook. Take-out franchise shops will be equipped with the standard rotisserie machine with goon and chromium steel steel chimney. stove. siopao soft-shell clam. cooking tabular array. Dokito frier. hair-raiser boxes. deep-freezes and other equipment. Here is the list of awards garnered by Andok’s through the old ages of service: 1999â€Å"GAWAD NEGOSYANTENG PINOY† Most Outstanding Food Retailer Operator given by NEGO-PILIPINO FOUNDATION. INC. and MORNINGS @ GMA 7 2002 DANGAL NG PILIPINAS BEST SELLING LITSON MANOK â€Å"CONSUMER’S CHOICE ANNUAL AWARDS† Given by Organization For Peace and Progress Oriented Group. Inc. 2005PRODUCT A ; SERVICE EXCELLENCE AWARDEE â€Å"BEST FAMILY-ORIENTED LITSON MANOK BRAND† PARANGAL SA PAMILYANG PILIPINO In decision. Andok’s has been runing efficaciously for over 25 old ages. Although a roasted poulet concern meets a figure of challengers in the market. Andok’s has made its base to be one of the most successful trade name of litson manok in the state. Despite holding a batch of rivals. they try to introduce their merchandises. add different merchandises. and at the same clip spread out their company. They were able to get the better of the battles that they faced and be successful in their concern.

Imperialism in Western History essays

Imperialism in Western History essays Imperialism in Western History From the Perspective of William Sumner William Graham Sumners writings are often distinguished by their laissez-faire capitalism undertones. His views were similar to those of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection. Sumner capitalized on this theory by incorporating it into his own belief system. He applied it at the level of human existence, in maintaining that humans basically survive as a result of survival of the fittest. For him, this did not indicate pure existence, or life itself, but this theory dictated ones social existence as well. Sumner believed that individuals thrived socially and financially if they were naturally competent enough to do so. For Sumner, it became a matter of possessing certain qualities such as intelligence or discipline that would enable an individual to succeed in life. If those qualities were not present in some people, then there would be no one else to blame should they shrink into poverty as a result of their shortcomings. So from this perspective, Sumners perspective, th e only source of de Chungaras poverty is de Chungara herself, and the same for her people. It is an indisputable fact that women in both First and Third world countries have a rich and lengthy history of organizing on their own behalf against exploitation and impoverishing conditions. This history is often hidden and repressed because it is threatening to the state and the power structure that benefits from womens oppressed conditions. The history of womens resistance is complex and rich in the diversity of ways that women have fought back in their specific cultural location and most effective methods for the situation. Lets proceed now using Sumners way of economic thinking. Because of womens specific locations within their societal setting which often varies a great deal from country to country, they are the ones most able to de...

The Financial Crisis in Greek Banking Industry Dissertation

The Financial Crisis in Greek Banking Industry - Dissertation Example However, it is an important part of the dissertation because it makes a significant contribution in backing the researcher’s point of view while providing current knowledge including substantive findings in terms of theoretical and methodological contribution. It reviews the books, journal articles, and magazines to give new interpretations to old sources. In the article written by Li and Xu (2002), it is stated that higher- risk assets give higher returns in comparison to low-risk assets like treasury bills (see table1 below). It forms a basis for the decision of asset allocation and making an estimation of interest rates in financial markets (Haitao Li and Yuewu Xu, 2002). During the process of bidding demand for firm’s products and its value influence the financial premium of the firm. It is so because there is a direct correlation between net expected value and performance of the firm as it yields higher returns. This implies that the higher the value of the firm th e higher premiums. Barberis, et al, (2001) held the view that higher volatility is recorded in the stock prices of a company when performance if its assets are not up to the standard. The entire banking industry came under pressure due to credit turmoil and subsequent deterioration of global market which in turn prompted the intervention of the central banks particularly the IMF and the World Bank. This sector was adversely affected by the inherent weakness of the Greek economy that is a result of rising debt and deficits. However, improvements have been noticed in the premiums paid because of the strong legal framework and improvements to the operational model. A similar report finds that, as a way of increasing the economies of scale, merger and acquisitions were imminent. The risk in the assets can be reduced by diversification of the assets. It also brings profitability and promotes growth besides improving the survival rate in similar future financial crises. According to Nenov a (2006) desire of having effective control over the firm and then pressurize the shareholders to sell the firm at a lower price is the reason why banks overvalue premium during the process of mergers and acquisitions. In addition to this, the value of the premium is also influenced by enforceability of ownership rights and confidence in the target banks ( LaPorta et al., 1998; Djankov et al., 2008; Nenova,2006; Bris and Cabolis,2008). As provided, the weaker the shareholder protection creates get-out for managers, shareholders to seize smaller, and minority shareholders with motives of gaining higher private benefits (Dyck and Zingales, 2004). A research study conducted by Hunter and Wall (1995) stated that acquirers are interested to pay more premiums for the banks that adopt strategies such as diversification for reducing combined firm’s overall risk and for the banks that would increase the value of the government safety net to the combined firm. With the help of regressi on analysis, it can be understood that a target with high variance of own profitability and high covariance with the acquirer’s profitability will yield less premium. Theory of diversification will also make the similar implication. MANNER OF PREMIUMS COMPUTATIONS: a) An Informal Model of Bank Takeover Pricing During the process of valuation of a bank for merger and acquisition, several factors are considered by the bidder.

Intellectual Property & Technology Transfer Case Study

Intellectual Property & Technology Transfer - Case Study Example This was in respect to 'chemical products for sanitary and medical use, medicines, pharmaceutical drugs and preparations' 'cosmetics perfumes, soaps and shampoos were applied in respect of Class 3. This application got on air in the Trade Marks Journal right next year that is January 2007. The well reputed company that opposed the application was Lloyd's Preparations Ltd. ('Lloyd's). The point behind the opposition was that it already had a registered trade mark for 'ECZIDERM', registered in Class 5 and not only this but it was also registered for 'all use in the treatment of eczema pharmaceutical preparations and substances'. This registration had the number 1075423 and the filing date was12 June 1989 that is far older than the new application and they had made a name in the sales. In 2003 Lloyd's had also registered a corresponding trade mark in France for 'ECZIDERM'. The first and most important point that arises is that a well reputed company which has been using a brand for years has the right to go against any other company who is trying to use their name. It was directly effecting the reputation of the brand and the company. Apart from law it is a thing of common sense that no company would ever at any cost bear the name of their company being used by others in any way. The opposition was made on provision of the Trade Marks Act 1994. ... It was launched long a go. Many products that had the mark ECZIDERM were regularly being exhibited at British Association of Dermatologists annual meetings. Not only this but also they were advertised in medical publications including, 'Chemist and Druggist' 'British Journal of Dermatology' and 'General Practitioner'. These were the most popular and widely read journals. If the trade mark would have been re-registered it would go against the section 3(1)(a) law. Lloyd's had been spending approximately 250,000 on publicity and sponsorship of products over the last three years. This was not only spent on products that had the trade mark ECZIDERM but also on the use of sales representatives. Lloyd's ECZIDERM products have been upheld straight away to doctors with the help of sales representatives and also by mailing directly. So the brand or the trade mark was not to be used again in the same contexts. The second objection raised by opponents was that of section 3(6) - 'the application was made in bad faith'. The main reason for the rhyming trade marks was to get rapid fame of the product by using the name of other company. The evidence is that the sales of Lloyd's were made in all chief rural and urban cities all around UK. Lloyd's had already used registration of ECZIDERM as a trade mark in the UK. So this name had already earned considerable support and reputation, if the other rhyming product was launched, it would have got false fame by betrayal of people. It had earned so much fame that the mark ECZIDERM had also been entitled to protection under the Paris Convention for the quality of being well known. Hffner GmbH had probably applied for the trade mark EXIMED intentionally to take advantage of the well known repute of the previous mark

An Analysis Of Huntingtons Theories Of Democratisation Politics Essay

An Analysis Of Huntingtons Theories Of Democratisation Politics Essay The course of modern democratization is actually far more difficult than Huntington suggests in his theory, the Third Wave of Democratization. In fact, this theory fails to elucidate very different explanations for democratization. First of all, it is required to make a separation as to the causes of democratization. Secondly, the wave approach takes for granted that there is now a global movement to establish democracy. This argument might be true to an extent, considering what is happening in certain countries all over the world, and especially in the Arab world. But, according to a more precise consideration, the number of stable and liberal democracies is actually growing very slowly.  [1]  Huntington presumed that more democracies were emerging because more elections were being held. However, holding elections, as mentioned in previous sections, does not necessarily indicate the implementation of democracy and democratization. In other words, if elections were taken as the o nly, or the main sign of democracy and democratization, then a country like Lebanon would be one of the most democratic countries in the world. Quite simply, social conflict theory has been pointed to in conventional studies as sparking the democratization process.  [2]  This theory, based on capitalism, is regarded as the classic method of analysing political reform. It states that the class structure was overturned by capitalism, which led to the formation of a middle class and thus an insistence on social and economic reform so that the new system could be maintained. Indeed, Seymour Lipset asserts that capitalism bread bourgeois and middle class professionals, who are essential for political reform and hence democracy.  [3]   Some researchers believe that democratization has its roots in the 1776 American Revolution. Dahl, for example, dates the process to the success known by the question of representation which brought about the Revolution and ultimately saw the birth of the United States. Other scholars, such as Huntington, equate democracy with individualism and consequently hold the view that its first wave began in the 1600s. The rapid spread of capitalism in the West and the fierce social conflicts that ensued should equally be considered. The non-elite or lower classes were increasingly empowered by growth in the economy, creating a situation where they came to recognize those rights that had so far been denied them. The process of democratization, therefore, resulted from social conflicts. Meanwhile, capitalism and its ensuing social conflicts resulted in the development of a modern and fairly independent state able to play a pivotal role in further social reform. In Europe, this new state enabled the advancement of socio-economic reforms which helped pave the way towards democratization.  [4]  In other words, socio-economic pressure played a key role in leading to democratization, taking into consideration the combination of this pressure with the development of a liberal state that was to some degree autonomous. We can see various different types of self-declared democracies in modern experiments with democratization. Certain countries have seen the emergence of a liberal democracy, while others have seen a degree of electoral change. But the overall picture is completed by the problems democracy faces in most Third World countries. It is thus imperative that we make a distinction between democracies with problems or part-democracies, and those that are secure and strong. In short, contemporary processes of democratization encompass failures and successes. The question raised here is: why do some democratization experiments succeed where others fail? The following is Grugels short answer to this question: Democracies are political systems comprising institutions that translate citizens preferences into policy, have effective states that act to protect and deepen democratic rights, and count on a strong participatory and critical civil society. A consolidated democracy is one in which this political order is routinised and accepted. Consolidation, then, implies both the deepening and stabilizing of democracy. In addition, the chances for consolidation are greatest in cases where favourable international circumstances are allied with state capacity and a growing, vocal and effective civil society.  [5]  133 Initially, the process of democratization started most powerfully in countries which were economically strong and well developed. In other words, stable democracy seemed to be a luxury only rich nations  could afford. But this form of democracy or this concept was not to succeed all the time as it was challenged in some capitalist and economically developed countries such as the former German Democratic Republic in the 1930s, which, although it distributed wealth relatively equitably and was officially dedicated to social justice, could hardly be considered democratic.  [6]  Also, in some authoritarian regimes democracy was replaced by fragile or semi-democracies. This implies that although capitalism is essential, it still does not ensure the emergence of democracy (e.g. semi-democracy in Malaysia). Meanwhile, democratic types of government continued to exist in some countries for considerable periods, even though economic development was slow and elitism was still in force. T his happened, for example, in the island nations of the English-speaking Caribbean, Venezuela and India. In summary, we should see the wave theory as a useful way of placing democratization in its global setting. However, it must be noted that it is not capable of including the various factors implicit in the process. It stresses the need to note that democracy has more chance of developing following social conflict at certain times in world history. But, as we have seen above, on a wider scale the application of wave theory is rather limited. Furthermore, it falls short of clarifying how democracy develops on a national level. With this in mind, we must examine theories of social and economic change and political action in order to gain an understanding of the matter. 2.2.2.2.2 The Process of Democratization It is not a matter of surprise if we find that the number of succeeded and thriving  democratizations is overbalanced by either had undergone failure or stalled experiments. Given that, in some countries around the world, problems like socio-economic imbalance and gender inequality means that democratization will keep on being slow and will remain a painful, and sometimes impossible, task. Since the Portuguese dictatorship was overthrown in 1974, the number of democratically ruled countries has dramatically increased. Prior to this, there were an estimated forty democracies word-wide; these were joined steadily during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a number of states made the transition from authoritarianism to seemingly democratic government. The late 1980s and the decline, and ultimate collapse, of the Soviet Union saw a significant boost to the pace of world-wide democratization. Consequently by the end of 1995 there were, as Larry Diamond has noted, between 76 and 117 democracies, depending on the method used to measure them.  [7]  This post-1974 period is what Samuel Huntington has termed the third wave of global democratic expansion; he demonstrated how important the effects of regional and international democratization were.  [8]   Undoubtedly, holding elections or toppling an authoritarian regime and replacing it with another, even if this receives the support of the people, does not permit a country to wear the badge of democracy. Huntington describes supplanting military regimes as the extremely important beginning to third wave democratization. However, he unwillingly skims over the underlying principal behind taking such action. He states that countries came to begin the process of democratization because of a huge growth in democratic discourse. But it was in fact a result of social and economic change at both the national and supra-national levels. Quite simply the old political system became unable to function in the context of accelerated change to socio-economic structures and had to be exposed and taken apart. It is possible to view democracy today as the culmination of a steady but important development in political thinking. Since the 1800s it has gradually taken root and grown across throughout the world, demonstrating its ability to spread modern values and beliefs. This development, however, was not straight forward and has faced challenges, but the reasons behind and the incentives involved in democracy have been different in space and time. In the nineteenth century, for example, change was spurred on by social class, whereas in the last two decades of the twentieth century it was carried forward by a complicated mixture of social conflict, state building, free global trade and external influences. There has been considerable effort made to provide an explanation for the expansion of democracy; the most convincing of these has been Huntingtons wave theory. With its wide ranging ability to include different issues, it argues that the causes of democratization in those countries to wh ich the wave is common are comparable. Huntingtons theory also makes note that reverse waves of authoritarianism have followed those of democratization. This viewpoint is backed up by his mention of those societies that have either been unable to secure lasting democracy or have seen its collapse. Huntington explains a wave of democratization as follows: A wave of democratisation is a group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes that occur within a specified period of time and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite direction during that period of time. A wave also involves liberalisation or partial democratisation in political systems that do not become fully democratic. Each of the first two waves of democratisation was followed by a reverse wave in which some but not all of countries that had previously made the transition to democracy reverted to non-democratic rule.  [9]   For Huntington, it was from the beginning of the nineteenth century until 1930 when the first wave took place. This was, as he argues, associated with the growth and development of liberal democracy in theory and practice. He continues by saying that the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945 was indicative of the Second wave. At that time, the coalition led by the Americans lead the process of democratizing the occupied territories of Germany, Japan and Austria. In his book, Huntington finally comes to the third wave of democratization which, he argues, started in Portugal in 1974, then spread to Greece and Spain, and after that, in the 1980s, reached some Latin American countries. This wave, according to Huntington, ended up in Eastern and Central Europe and the Soviet Union. One can argue that the profound need for economic growth and popular awareness about political developments contributed greatly to the smooth and painless integration of these countries into the democratic union. To sum up, adding to what Huntington demonstrated in his book, one can extend these three waves some other encouraging developments that have occurred in certain other developing countries which have showed a great desire for democratization. However, one should bear in mind that in many of these countries these objectives have been counterbalanced and outweighed by conditions that have rendered electoral democracy increasingly shallow, illiberal, unaccountable, and afflicted.  [10]  In other words, establishing some democratic institutions which are believed to be taken or filled by elected members from the public cannot, in itself, be seen as a proof of successful democratization. 2.2.2.2.3 Democratization and the State Democracy describes the system; democratization describes the process. This rule shows us the boundary between democracy and democratization. When discussing democratization it might be helpful to demonstrate its purpose. The purpose of democratization is the building of a democratic state. But the question is: How does this happen? The general consensus is that democracy entails more than simply holding elections. However, academics have so far been unable to agree on what exactly is necessary. We are aware that the state is, in the final analysis, a means of dominating society. In a democracy, then, hierarchies which act combining legitimate power, persuasion and bureaucracy tend to hold power. A further characteristic of a democracy is the existence of several bodies that hold authority and make decisions. In an undemocratic state, meanwhile, democratization makes the state apparatus its main target. Therefore, it is rather illogical to believe that an undemocratic state will itse lf try to carry out democratization. Overall, a democratic governments legitimacy is reliant on its ability to convincingly demonstrate it is truly representative of the people, acts in their interest, and can be held accountable by them. Therefore, a democratic government should adhere to these principles. Although democratic and capitalist states naturally work to a business- and profit-oriented agenda, it is more likely that they will answer demands for social and economic justice given that they rely on a healthy balance between this and economic prosperity in order to survive. With regard to force, it is widely agreed that the state can coerce and use violence. However, it is argued that in a democracy there is no need to resort to this unless it is to protect against outside threats or against criminals or those causing social disorder. Grugel has assessed some fundamental characteristics of a democratic state: I. Territorial integrity, either as a result of the belief that the state represents a nation or through negotiations and legitimate and binding agreements that make a multinational state possible. II. The rule of law, that is, minimal rights and duties of citizens are legally encoded and the parameters of state activity legally defined. III. A minimal use of legally sanctioned violence against its own citizens. IV. A popularly elected and representative government that is formally controlled by constitutional channels of accountability. V. A complex bureaucracy that can make claims to impartiality. VI. The existence of multiple centres of power. VII. The formal existence of channels of access to decision making, even for subordinated social groups, which are operational to some degree. VIII. Some commitment to social and economic justice.  [11]   In short and to end this section, the only way that leads to fully democratizing any state involves applying, to a degree, the following three conditions: Institutional change. Representative change. Functional transformation. These three steps create the path towards full democratization, regardless the fact of that in contemporary democratizations, most attention focuses on having and implementing institutional change.

Impact of Cultural Differences, Internal and Environmental Factors at Airbus Essay

Employees are affected by a number of internal and external forces that when combined produce given behaviours and attitudes. In this paper, I will consider the key factors affecting individual and groups’ behaviour and their corresponding relationship to the personal and organisational performance. The scenario, Airbus’ manufacturing plant in Toulouse, is dominated by tensions amongst groups of workers with different cultural background. The impact of those cultural challenges, the pressures of delivering the A380s in time and the demands from the external environment will be some of the factors that will be considered in the analysis below. In order to understand the multiple forces and the organisational change processes undertaken by Airbus, two influential frameworks for change have been examined in this paper. The model introduced by Burke and Litwin (2002), and the approach presented by Kotter (1995), based upon the authors’ research into corporate change. 1. Individual factors Attitudes and personal behavioural codes consist of an organisation of feelings, thoughts and cognitions in a defined situation. Airbus’ employees appear not to be motivated to fulfil the group’s objectives as â€Å"there are too many tensions and too much suspicion† (Hollinger & Wiesmann, 2008), as reported by an official of the French union. As work motivation and job satisfaction are closely linked with the overall performance of workers, it is important to identify factors leading to job dissatisfaction at Airbus. The arrival of two thousand electricians to resolve wiring problem has impacted negatively on the Toulouse plant resulting in overcrowding, sudden change in industrial processes and dispositions against other individuals with a number of differences. The temperament and individual emotions are difficult to understand for people with diverse cultural upbringing. There are also differences in pay which are perceived as unequal an d negative, particularly for those employees not on secondment. In summary, individuals are often resistant to change which involve loss and uncertainty. One of the most common reasons for human resistance is the focus on their own best interests instead of the organisation’s (Kotter & Schlesinger, 1979). 2. Work group factors Although team diversity can potentially create a positive organisational synergy, the same can also create unique challenges resulting from social integration, tension, and conflict (Jehn, Northcraft & Neale, 1999). In the case of Airbus, it appears there are two leaders from different groups and cultures bringing different attitudes and dispositions to the groups, giving birth to nationalistic tensions between French and German employees. Management rivalries become a detrimental model for working groups (Drucker, 1986). Team engagement and social integration are then increasingly difficult as the majority of Germans are temporary employees coming from outside the company. Furthermore, the organisational culture of Airbus is affected by the lack of trust and transparency from management. In this situation, fear and suspicion emerge and French groups start to perceive the growing influence of German managers as unfair and unequal. All these factors create frustr ations amongst the teams and individuals thus producing uncertainty which affects the plant performance and the company’s ability to meet delivery schedules. 3. Organisational factors The organisational structure and culture as well as its policies and systems, together with the set goals influence employee and team behaviours. With this in mind, it is important to consider that Airbus and its parent company EADS were merged in the name of European unity and intended to be more competitive in the aerospace industry. With the internal pressures of company restructuring consisting of the A380 delivery targets and current production delays, Airbus workers become dominated by uncertainties and tension between different working groups. As Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) highlighted in their study, human resistance often emerges during organisational change efforts. Power 8, Airbus’ restructuring programme which consisted of undertaking a number of changes including job cuts, factory sales, new areas for components sourcing and leadership turnover, produces social tensions and management rivalries inside the organisation. 4. External environment An analysis of the national and global context of Airbus is crucial to understanding the influence of external forces producing both opportunities and threats to the organisation. Amongst those factors, pressures from politics, unions and public opinion are dominant forces in the case of Airbus. Competition in the global market, mainly between Airbus and Boeing, is also intense. Each company is under pressure and suffering from severe delays in delivery targets. State shareholders naturally makes the company subject to political interests and government rules and regulations affect Airbus’ operations management and its decision making process. Questions are raised about the compatibility of the company’s economic goals and its commitment to more political and social objectives. The leadership team need to engage and negotiate with trade unions, political parties and public movements to ensure success in the company’s outcomes. Thus pressur e from different groups makes it problematic for Airbus to align the internal organisation with the external forces. 5. Change dynamics Burke and Litwin (1992) present a causal model that helps to define and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between a number of organizational elements which are key to organizational change. The linkage between these is the key to effective change. They identify the external environment as the dominant factor driving change in organisations which affects their mission, culture, leadership and strategy. The company’s structure, systems, management practices, and climate are in turn linked to those dimensions and impact the overall performance. In the case of Airbus, the merger between Airbus and EADS and the strong competition of Boeing in the global aerospace market are the most dominant external forces. Those trigger a series of further changes in the company, which together, affects the motivation level of employees and work groups. 6. Change management issues Kotter (1995) in his corporate change analysis provides a number of lessons learnt which help understand the complex issues outlined in the Airbus case study. One of the issues in Airbus’ strategy is the lack of cooperation from individuals and teams. Morale and motivation are important factors to control and influence, especially in the first phase of the transformational process. Additionally, the role of leadership in terms of establishing a vision, communicating it and being the example of the new behaviours is also crucial. Airbus’ past rivalry between the former French and German management sides have been detrimental for the change effort. As Drucker (1986) points out â€Å"managers’ inability to change their attitudes and behaviour as rapidly as their organizations require† (Drucker, 1986) is a barrier for organisational growth. It is important to consider that changes take a long time to naturalise into the company cult ure. The benefit of Airbus’ restructuring programme, Power 8, cannot be judged before its time. The change in habits and rules destabilise people and the company’s exposure to public opinion and political interest increases the process of change in its complexity. Conclusion Today’s workforce is becoming more diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. Managers are duty bound to develop skills to influence the relationship between team diversity and team outcomes by analysing the current situation and possible issues to be avoided. Changes are generally needed; in the instance of Airbus, they are implementing a large scale change affecting the organisational leadership, culture, structure and operations. Consequently, people affected by change experience some level of discomfort but leaders can increase their level of success by selecting the right strategy and approach to use with workgroups and individuals. Effective change management strategy should be consistent with the company’s management behaviour and the overall company’s culture, ensuring alignment of people internally and externally in the public environment. The change process in every organisation requires a length of time and readiness for individual chang e which proceed through stages which should not be overlooked for a successful outcome.

Infancy and Early Childhood Developement Essay

It is amazing that our earliest memory is still years after we first begin to develop. No one remembers being a one celled zygote or any aspect of the prenatal stage. And the first years, from birth to two, are for the most part a mystery as well. My earliest memory is playing on a porch at a trailer my parents were renting. It is only now that it is realized that my personality was most likely shaped in those early years. Before my memory was fully developed my likes and dislikes, attitude toward affection and sense of humor were all impacted by choices made by my parents. FAMILY EFFECT Perhaps the greatest influence in any person’s life is their family. If a child has at least one emotionally supportive parent then there self-esteem will likely be higher than a child with no one to support them emotionally. However, many things can affect a child well before they take their first breath. Prenatal care is a very important stage of development; it is during this stage that our bodies transform from one sperm combining with an egg to the very complex creatures that we become. How does family come into play with this stage? It is during this stage that soon to be parents can choose to terminate a pregnancy or not. So in a way, it is in the prenatal stage that our families can affect our lives the most. Once a zygote becomes an embryo and then becomes a fetus a baby is born. It is now when the family will begin to determine how well the baby’s emotional and social aspects develop. The family will influence the newborn baby emotionally and socially by how they interact with them. For example if a father is unsure how to hold, change, feed or dress a baby and distances himself from the baby it is possible and likely that the baby will be hesitant when the father does eventually come around. Likewise if parents are affectionate, caring and encourage learning in the first years then the child can become excited about learning and gain a higher level of self-esteem. PARENTING STYLES According to Diana Baumrind there are three types of parenting styles; there is the authoritarian parent, the permissive parent and the authoritative parent. The authoritarian parent is very demanding and does not tolerate failure to meet their high standards. When the child disobeys they can expect physical punishment (spanking not abuse). This method can be effective when used consistently, for example if a child is disobedient about cleaning their room but is only punished at random (spanking or grounding) then the room will likely remain messy and cluttered. Permissive or indulgent parents seek to be a friend to their children and would rather not take responsibility for the shaping of them. They are portrayed in popular culture by being inept and lazy when in reality it is possible that permissiveness results as a feeling of resentment from authoritarian parents. Regardless of the reason for the parent’s indulgent behavior they are likely to have low standards for their children and be lax when it comes to rules and punishment. The authoritative parents form a middle ground between the authoritarian and the permissive parents. Authoritative parents listen to their children’s feelings and concerns while maintaining a role of authority. When comparing Baumrind’s parenting types it seems that a different type would be most useful to each stage of development. For the early childhood stage (birth to two years) the permissive parent may have the most affect being that they are able to hide frustration and disappointment. Also having strict rules and high expectations, as with the authoritarian, could lead to fear and anxiety in the child. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION There are two major options for parents when selecting a preschool or day care program for their child. Parents can choose from child-centered programs or teacher-directed programs. Child centered programs allow children more freedom to choose their own activities and are generally less structured believing that children will benefit from being able to express themselves through art, dress up, music and dance. Teacher directed programs are more similar to grade school in that children will be expected to follow along with the teacher’s lesson plan and utilize listening skills during instruction. These programs will typically follow a schedule for all the children to complete activities at scheduled times. Through personal reflection you can imagine that if you were at a teacher-directed program and now as an adult enjoy structure that may be one of the more significant reasons. Conversely attending a child-centered preschool can influence a child to become more musically inclined and develop a greater appreciation for the arts. Of course there is also another option for parents, and that is to keep the child at home until they begin kindergarten. This was the social norm until the 1990’s and is still practiced by some families where one parent is home full time. CONCLUSION Desmond Tutu said, â€Å"You don’t choose your family. They are God’s gift to you, as you are to them. † To me, this means that parents should understand the extreme importance of their role in their child’s life. Especially in the early childhood stage as this is a vital time for children to develop emotionally, physically and socially. When parents accept the challenge of being an active participant in the development of their children they are giving their children the opportunity to grow and prosper in a way that may not have been possible for them. REFERENCES Berger, K. S. (2001). Prenatal Development and Birth. The Developing Person through the Life Span (5th ed. , pp. 88-119). New York: Worth Publishers. Berger, K. S. (2001). Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development. The Developing Person through the Life Span (5th ed. , pp. 264-291). New York: Worth Publishers. Berger, K. S. (2001). Early Childhood: Cognitive Development. The Developing Person through the Life Span (5th ed. , pp. 236-263). New York: Worth Publishers. Cherry, K. (n. d. ). Early Childhood Development – What Is Early Childhood Development. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved December 18, 2012, from http://psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/ss/early-childhood-development. htm Family Quotes Page 2 – BrainyQuote. (n. d. ). Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. Retrieved December 18, 2012, from http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keywo.