Nuclear Weapons Scars on the earth Essay Example For Students

Atomic Weapons: Scars on the earth Essay Sean Anthony PulsiferMrs. Karen YeagerAdvanced Composition 123 December 1999Nuclear Weapons: Scars on the EarthNuclear weapons have a dependable and crushing impact on the world for a long time after an underlying blast. Aftermath from United States air testing from 1945 to 1963 executed an expected 70,000 to 800,000 individuals around the world. Individuals who have worked in the early atomic weapons programs have been presented to critical measures of radiation (Schwartz 395). At the point when an atomic weapon goes off, there are four fundamental sorts of blasts: air blasts, surface impact, subsurface burst, and high height burst. An air burst happens when a weapon is exploded at a tallness so the fireball doesn't arrive at the outside of the earth (Effects Nuclear Explosions). At the point when the stun wave hits the ground, the principal wave will bob off to make a subsequent wave. At the point when the impact is higher off the ground, the underlying stun wave will be more fragile, however will impact a bigger region (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). By fluctuating the height of the blast, one can change the impact impacts, warm impacts, and radiation impacts. Albeit at first radiation will be a peril, yet the aftermath risk will be very nearly zero. A surface burst happens when a bomb is exploded on or marginally over the earth. Under these conditions, the fireball will experience the earth. Rather than air blasts, aftermath can be a risk (Effects Nuclear Explosions). In a surface impact, the stun wave will travel better through the ground (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A subsurface burst happens when the bomb goes off underneath the land or under the water (Effects Nuclear Explosions).In a subsurface water blast, water would be what an individual would see. What's more, the stun wave an individual would see will convey up to 5% of the all out vitality. Waves shaped from the impact would be as much as ten meters high and travel for several miles. In the event that were to collide with a harbor or estuaries, it would cause monstrous demolition (Pittock 13). Normally a hole will be the outcome. A consequence of a subsurface impact will be substantial nearby aftermath radiation (Effects Nuclear Explosions). A subsurface bomb will likewise slice warm radiation to zero (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A high elevation burst happens when the impact is more than 30 kilometers high. The fireball from a high height burst will be enormous and travel a lot quicker. The radiation from the impact could go for many miles, consequently sullying an enormous territory. An impact like this could make an extraordinary electromagnetic heartbeat (EMP) which will demolish anything electronic (Effects Nuclear Explosions). The impact wave is shaped from high temperatures and moves from the focal point of the ground-zero. While extending, the pinnacles pressure diminishes, and the proliferation goes down from the supersonic speed. A large portion of the obliteration from an atomic impact is from the impact impacts. The scope of the impact will decide the touchy yield of the weapon (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). There are numerous hotspots for atomic radiation, for example, starting radiation, leftover radiation, and aftermath. About 5% of the entirety of the vitality from an atomic blast are as beginning radiation. Force from the impact will go down quickly with good ways from the impact, as a result of the enormous territory aftermath will travel. Lingering radiation comes in three structures: splitting items, unfissioned atomic material, and neutron-actuated action. There are in excess of 300 parting items. The greater part of these have short half-lives. Notwithstanding, some of them have half-experience that can be month or years. Unfissioned atomic material would be some uranium or plutonium that doesn't experience parting and are scattered from the blast. Neutron-prompted movement happens when cores are presented to a significant difference in neutron radiation, in this way making them radioactive. A little territory around ground-zero would be the most probable contender for neutron-incited movement. Maybe one of the most dangerous impacts of an atomic impact would be aftermath. Aftermath comes in t hree significant structures: Worldwide aftermath, neighborhood aftermath, and meteorological impacts. Overall aftermath happens after an atomic impact and little particles are drawn up into the environment and will go by climatic breezes and choose the earth. There is a drawn out peril of overall aftermath in view of the isotopes strontium-90 and cesium-137, which have an extremely long half-life. These will enter the body from food that has been tainted with these two radioactive isotopes. In a surface impact, a lot of garbage will be disintegrated by the extreme warmth of the fireball and be sucked up into the radioactive cloud. By doing this, the material will get radioactive and fall back to the earth as neighborhood aftermath. At the point when an individual remains in a polluted zone, they will be influenced by radiation. Meteorological impacts will impact aftermath, no doubt neighborhood aftermath. A few components from meteorological impacts that could quicken nearby afterma th would be day off downpour (Effects Nuclear Explosions). History Of Unions And Their Relevance In Todays Australian Society EssayA most dire outcome imaginable of an atomic trade would be an atomic winter. An atomic winter happens when a bomb goes off, making dust fly up and shut out the daylight. The most pessimistic scenario of atomic winter would be a Case 9. This would happen when seventy five percent of every superpowers weapons are shot off momentarily, in spite of the fact that this is dissimilar to occur. The aftereffects of this would be awful. In a 10,000 MT (uber ton) case, the air temperature worldwide would be brought down to about - 53oF for a while (Child 64,68). One of the primary impacts of atomic war on the biosphere would be fire. The flames can be arranged into three gatherings lower, upper, and underground. The lower gathering would comprise of greenery, grass, woodland litter, and fallen branches. These kinds of flames would be the most far reaching. The upper gathering is comprised of trees, and the grass front of the dirt. In an underground fire, a large portion of what is being scorched is the tree roots (Svirezhev 33). Flames can likewise be begun in a roundabout way, by methods for impact harm. This would be brought about by harm caused to gas line, water warmers, and heaters. Be that as it may, a lot of material must consume for an extensive stretch before it would act naturally continuing (Harris 36). After an atomic war, food supplies would be at a low level Crops would be more vulnerable against battling maladies, and the temperature change from a potential atomic winter would murder of a portion of the yields. As the years would go on, yields would be misused, making them abbreviate their drawn out efficiency (Harwell 476-477)Post-war impacts would have little impact on the ice biological system since they are utilized to the chilly climate. Plants would probably go into a lethargic state brought upon by the chilly climate. This would make most herbivores die in light of the fact that there would basically be insufficient food. Truth be told, a few creatures could get terminated. The woods biological system would be hit the hardest. This biological system would need to manage fire, cold, dry season, radiation, and locally high grouping of exceptionally harmful gases. In the event that the assault were to be in the winter, most trees would be in their torpid stage and may have t he option to withstand these conditions. In the southern districts, trees would not be prepared for the abrupt attack of the chilly climate. Around one to seventy five percent of the plants would kick the bucket from the chilly climate. In a tropical environment, the impacts would be obliterating. The temperatures are generally steady. Precipitation would be decreased from 25%-100% and light levels could be down to simply 10%. One other impact would be improved probability of expanded typhoon action. Ozone consumptions from the bright radiation would reach as high as 20%-30% in a short measure of time. UV-B beams can be consumed by DNA, in this manner harming them hopeless. Among people, expanded UV-B introduction would prompt skin infections, eye maladies, and changes in the invulnerable framework (Dotto 94-96, 105-106). Starting at only a couple of years prior, the United States has been spending more than two billion dollars on atomic weapon activities and projects (Schwartz 588). Notwithstanding, is this country settling on the correct decision by spending a colossal measure of cash on these projects? The essayist of this paper might want to close with a statement: There is no protected degree of radiation introduction. So the inquiry isn't: What is a sheltered level? The inquiry is: How extraordinary is the Risk? Karl Z. MorganWorks CitedBiological Effects of a Nuclear Explosion. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.236.112/nuke/direct/usa/regulation/dod.fm8-9/1ch4.htm. Kid, James W. Atomic War the Moral Dimension. New Brunswick (USA): Social Philosophy and Policy Center and By Transaction, Inc., 1986. Dotto, Lydia. Planet Earth in Jeopardy Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. Incredible Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Impacts of Nuclear Weapons Section I-General. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/control/usa/teaching/dod/fm8-9/1ch3.htm. Harris, John B., and Markusen, Eric. Atomic Weapons and the Threat of Nuclear War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1986. Harwell, M.A., and Hutchinson T.C. Natural Consequences of Nuclear War Volume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects. Extraordinary Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Langer, Victor and Thomas, Walter. Atomic War Funbook, The. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982. Note on Nuclear Radiation, A. n.pag. On-line. Web. 28 Nov. 1999. Accessible WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/cut/Library/DamagePittock, A. B. et al. Ecological Consequences of Nuclear War Volume I Physical and Atmospheric Effects. Incredible Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Schwartz, Stephen I. Nuclear Audit. Harrisonburg, Virginia: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Area 5.0 Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Air Pollution Causes and Effects Free Essays

Air Pollution: Causes and Effects It keeps us alive and yet, it can likewise be destructive. We inhale air ordinary. Air furnishes us with oxygen that is basic for living. We will compose a custom article test on Air Pollution: Causes and Effects or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Nitrogen, water fume, and idle gases involve air alongside oxygen. Discharge of substances that sully air results to contamination. Air contamination is both normal and human-based. Normal air contamination is brought about by wonder, for example, volcanic emission, wind disintegration, deterioration and radioactive materials. Composing article can just do as much in clarifying each cause. Volcanic ejections send sulfur dioxide, huge amounts of debris, and sediment into the air which blends in with water fume to shape corrosive downpour. Soil particles can likewise be conveyed to the air during wind disintegration. This occurs in regions with less vegetation where soil can't be held together. Microbes that feed on rotting natural issue like plants or creatures produce methane and carbon dioxide, which are discharged into the environment. Earth’s outside layer is made is made out of a radioactive component called Uranium. Uranium transforms into Radium once it rots a short time later framing Radon. Radon is a gas that consolidates with air through dissipation. Human exercises or anthropogenic sources additionally cause air contamination. These exercises for the most part include consuming of fuel. Fixed sources incorporate production lines and force plants. Portable sources, then again, are engine vehicles, airplane, and water vessels. There are as yet other human-based reasons for air contamination. Landfills, where squanders get disintegrated, produce methane. Utilization of airborne splashes and the preferences likewise add to air contamination. Air contamination spreads effectively as it goes into the climate. Individuals get presented to air contamination not simply outside. Indeed, even in the solaces of our homes and work environments, air contamination can likewise happen. This is known as indoor contamination. Our respiratory and cardiovascular frameworks get influenced via air contamination. The wellbeing hazard air contamination presents rely upon the kind of compound our bodies were presented to, and the level of presentation. It can either be present moment or long haul. Instances of transient impacts are eye bothering, hacking, and wheezing. While long haul impacts incorporate coronary illness, lung malignant growth, and harm to imperative organs, for example, cerebrum, liver, or kidneys. Air contamination can likewise compound a person’s ailment. People are by all account not the only casualties of air contamination. Condition additionally endures. You may have found out about this over again as air contamination impacts is a typical theme recorded as a hard copy article. Corrosive downpour can be deadly to trees and plants once it infiltrates the dirt and raises its acridity. Corrosive downpour likewise makes harm properties. It consumes materials made of stone like sculptures and landmarks. Air contamination has for quite some time been a worldwide issue. You can help increment mindfulness on the most proficient method to ensure air by composing paper . Take your part in decreasing air contamination, and spare lives. The most effective method to refer to Air Pollution: Causes and Effects, Essay models

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When Youre Highly Sensitive

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When You're Highly Sensitive If you are wondering if you are a highly sensitive person, it is quite possible that you actually are. This fact might be affecting your relationship with stress in your life. People who are considered highly sensitive people tend to feel things more deeply than others, detect lifes subtleties more easily, and be more reactive to stimuli both internal and external. They are people who may be more bothered by an itchy shirt or an abrasive friend. They are also people who will notice when someone needs a hug or detect when something bad is about to happen and change course. Unfortunately, this heightened sensitivity and awareness can translate into vigilance, rumination, and extra stress at times. Here is how to cope with the additional and unique stress of being a highly sensitive person, whether the sensitive person is you or someone you care about. Set up Boundaries When we speak of boundaries, we mean boundaries in your relationships, but we also mean it in other ways as well. This means becoming more comfortable letting people know where you stand and what you needâ€"classic boundary-setting techniques.  But we also mean things like creating some extra wiggle room in your schedule so you dont feel stressed when things inevitably go wrong, pile on, or require an extra response from you. Practice Mindfulness and Meditation These practices are closely related to the idea of setting boundaries. Thats because this involves creating a perimeter around your experiences in life and your thoughts and feelings about them through the practices of meditation and mindfulness. When you practice meditation, you learn to step back and observe your thoughts and feelings, and even your physical reactions as separate from your life and your self. With practice, a few important things happen. You learn to calm your body more quickly, reversing your stress response and returning to a place of calmness. You also learn to detach from things emotionally more easily so if things feel overwhelming, you dont get swept away in the flood of emotion as easily. It helps you to stay grounded, It can also help you to build resilience to stress. All of this should make it worth the effort for anyone, but this is particularly true for the highly sensitive person. Relaxing Zones for  Yourself This can mean having your home be soothing and relatively free of conflict. This can be done by adding a few elements known to relieve stress, such as soothing music and aromatherapy, and having down time there on a regular basis. This can also mean that you keep your close relationships as conflict-free as possible. This can be accomplished by learning conflict-resolution techniques and assertiveness, both of which can provide you with the tools you need to work through difficulties that may arise between you and your loved ones. Ultimately, it also means that you can choose people in your life to be part of your inner circle after they have proved themselves worthy of it, and you can put distance between yourself and those who drain you, frustrate you, or devalue you. When you have a supportive circle of people who will listen and care when you have a problem to deal with in your life, it can be even more soothing to you if you are sensitive; sensitive people need to feel understood and supported a little more than others, and they are wonderful in their capacity to offer this back as well. But it is important to save your supportiveness for those who will return it, at least in part, rather than those who will drain you and desert you, or inspire self-doubt. Practice Self-Care As a highly sensitive person, you are probably more susceptible to the ravages of sleep deprivation, poor nutrition, and burnout. This means you need to be sure to get enough sleep at night (or supplement with naps when necessary), eat healthy meals, and take care of your body, mind, and spirit in whatever ways you can. This will leave you more able to handle whatever comes your way. Know Your Triggers Highly sensitive people all have their unique challenges. It helps to know what stresses you the most so you can avoid these things in your life. Pay attention to how you feel throughout the day, and even maintain a stress journal if necessary. Be proactive in adding resilience-building practices as well as eliminating stressors whenever possible.   You may not be able to change the fact that you are sensitive, but you can absolutely change your lifestyle and habits so that youre less affected by those stressors you cant control. After a while, this will become second nature and you will feel more resilient toward stress in general. Then you can simply enjoy the benefits that come with being sensitive.

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 983 Words

Catcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of him that the audience hasn’t seen before. Phoebe really influenced Holden throughout the entire book. When he takes her to the movies Phoebe is able to differentiate and tell if Holden is taking her for a good or bad movie. Yet she does not mind if the movie is bad or good. â€Å"Youd like her...she knows its a pretty good movie† (67). Holden talks a lot about about his sister in this part. Since he is talking a lot about her it shows how important she is to Holden. By doing this i t displays how great Phoebe is. Phoebe is this super smart person and Holden likes to compare her to Alie. Through Holdens dialogue it seems that he really emphasizes on how he loved the red of hair of both Phoebe and Alie. Both of them did have red hair that Holden liked a lot and both are really young when Holden describes them. This shows that Holden likes them being young and Salinger emphasizes on how Holden loves kids because of their innocence. Holden wants to try to preserve this innocence inShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and H olden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger507 Words   |  2 PagesJ.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings inRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

The Rights Of Free Speech - 1182 Words

Raphael Cohen-Almagor did a remarkable job at addressing the current state of affairs in the nation of Israel when it comes to the presence of hate speech against minorities and how to appropriately resolve issues of hate speech without infringing on the rights of free speech that is important for the existence of democracy. The purpose of using this document by Emily Foster is to use the contents of the article to help support their current position on the act of democratic censorship, but wither it be in a way to promote censorship in order to maintain order, or to remove censorship as a way to promote free speech is unclear to me. In regards to Cohen-Almagor, I find the choice of using Israel as a focus for the research for the†¦show more content†¦For the research to be derived from this article, it would be my suggestion to include democratic nations with a more solid constitutional foundation with more enforceable forms of legislation. When identifying what forms of le gislation or other methods to regulate hate speech exist, and how effective these methods are, it would be wise to include not only wither or not the method has worked, but wither or not the culture of the nation has influenced the effectiveness of the actions taken. In Israel while the country may have written laws prohibiting certain actions in order to change cultural actions, the people will find ways to obey the law while still following those cultural traditions. The addressing of context and status in society in regards to hate speech was a very strong are to address that the original writer Cohen-Almagor touched on. Hate speech among individuals who have known each other for an extended period of time may not be seen as offensive within that enclosed group. The actions will seem more along the lines of playful banter, and the expressions or reactions of the individuals will reflect this. Hate speech between two strangers will have a much different result being that the indiv iduals do not have any knowledge of the other individual to the depth that friends and family may have, so hate speech towards that individual will be seen as, and act in, an aggressive attack on the individual. Now it is in theseShow MoreRelatedThe Right Of Free Speech1266 Words   |  6 Pagestested. In the 1700s, the right of free speech was challenged when President John Adams proposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams attempted to stop the Democratic Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson, from criticizing government decisions. Similarly, during the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln challenged freedom of the press when he took action to restrict the printing of military news. Lincoln ordered his generals in the field to control the press and â€Å"crack down on speech critical of his administration†Read MorePersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreThe Right Block Free Speech997 Words   |  4 Pagesprotect freedom of speech not to block or regulate it. The state has a role to protect liberties of all individuals not to define what should and should not be tolerated. Just as it is not the job of the state to institute policy on religion, it is not the states’ responsibility to regulate what freedoms of speech individual may and may not express. A classic debate in the realm of free speech, and the states right block free speech is where the line is drawn between free speech and offense. In anRead MoreInfringement Upon The Right Of Free Speech1356 Words   |  6 PagesInfringement Upon the Right of Free Speech One of the most notable rights stated in our constitution is the right to free speech. That right is engrained in the minds of every American since the creation of America itself, but currently the right to free speech is being tossed aside in the fear of conflict with opposing ideas or offensive content. College universities specifically have taken steps to impede upon this right through speech codes and other acts that restrict the right to speak freely.Read MoreShould Free Speech Be A Moral Right?1052 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, free speech has been one of the most touchiest arguments anyone has ever known. Whether people should be allowed to speak their mind to express their individuality, or to say what they believe is morally right. But should free speech be a moral right? It should not be considered a moral right in the sense that it cannot be under free reign. If there were no rules along with it, no one would be responsible for their actions. Or worse, it can actually give people an excuseRead MoreThe Right Of Free Speech And Freedom Of Press1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe right many Americans take for granted every day is the ability to speak to one another and to express their opinions through verbal and non-verbal means of communication. The First Amendment provides the right of free speech and freedom of press to the people. The Bill of Rights, also known as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution went into effect on Dec. 15, 1791, when the state of Virginia ratified it, giving the bill the majority of ratifying states required to protect citizens fromRead MoreGun Laws And The Rights Of Free Speech1748 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep an d bear Arms, shall no be infringed.† If you don’t know already, I chose to write about the 2nd Amendment, more specifically gun laws in the U.S. and the role they play in our political system and everyday lives. Gun laws and the interpretation of the 2nd amendment are constantly changing and so are our opinions but lately it seems that the outcome of some of these laws, or lack their ofRead MoreFree Speech Is A Matter Of Liberty And Right2026 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature and for our religious developments and aids. It is an established fact that the Constitution of India guarantees most vital and vivacious rights to its citizens. These rights also include certain fundamental freedoms. Expression is a matter of liberty and right. The liberty of thought and right to know are the sources of expression. Free Speech is conscious cord of the democracy. Freedom of expression is integral to the growth, development and fulfillment of individual personality. FreedomRead More The Human Right Of Free Speech And Intellectual Property Rights1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthese systems address, I have, for simplicities sake, chosen to discuss only the issues of the human right of free speech and intellectual property rights. Before diving into the types of ethical systems, I will offer a brief definition of human right issues and intellectual property rights. Human rights are defined by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is â€Å"Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnicRead MoreEssay on Interaction of Free Speech and Right to Privacy1753 Words   |  8 PagesHow do free speech and privacy rights interact with each other in a country? Where does the boundary lie between free speech and privacy? The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states that: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.†1 It is true that the

Cash Flow Free Essays

Profitability Ratios: How Profitable is the Company? Net sales/Net profit after taxes The information necessary to determine a company’s profit as a percentage of sales can be found in the company’s income statement. 1. Magnetronics’ profit as a percentage of sales for 1999 was $1,307 divided by $48,769, or 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now 68%. 2. This represented a decrease from 3. 6% in 1995. 3. The deterioration in profitability resulted from a decrease in cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales, and from a decrease in operating expenses as a percentage of sales. The only favorable factor was the decrease in the income tax paid. Management and investors are often more interested in the return earned on the funds invested than in the level of profits as a percentage of sales. Companies operating in businesses requiring very little investment in assets often have low profit margins but earn very attractive returns on invested funds. Conversely, there are numerous examples of companies in very capital-intensive businesses that earn miserably low returns on invested funds, despite seemingly attractive profit margins. Therefore, it is useful to examine the return earned on the funds provided by the shareholders and by the â€Å"investors† in the company’s interest-bearing debt. To increase the comparability across companies, it is useful to use EBIAT (earnings before interest but after taxes) as the measure of return. The use of EBIAT as the measure of return also allows the analyst to compare the return on invested capital (calculated before the deduction of interest expense), with the company’s estimated cost of capital to determine the long-term adequacy of the company’s profitability. 4. Magnetronics had a total of $15,249 of capital at year-end 1999 and arned before interest but after taxes (EBIAT) $1,824 during 1999. Its return on invested capital is calculated as follows: Earnings before interest but after taxes (EBIAT)/Owners’ equity plus interest – bearing debt In 1999 this figures was %, which represented a decrease from the 14. 67% earned in 199 5. From the viewpoint of the shareholders, an equally important figure is the company’s return on equity. Return on equity is calculated by dividing profit after tax by the owners’ equity. Profit after taxes/ Owners’ equity Return on equity Return on equity indicates how profitably the company is utilizing shareholders’ funds. . Magnetronics had $12,193 of owners’ equity and earned $1,307 after taxes in 1999. Its return on equity was 10. 72%, a deterioration from the 15. 22% earned in 1995. Management can â€Å"improve† (or â€Å"hurt†) its return on equity in several ways. Each method of â€Å"improvement† differs substantially in nature. The analyst must get behind the return on equity figures and must understand the underlying causes of any changes. For example, did Return on Sales improve? Did the company’s management of assets change? Did the company increase the use of borrowed funds relative to owners’ equ ity? These three possible explanations are combined in the Du Pont system of ratio analysis: ROE Net Income/Sales x Sales/Assets x Assets/Equity Activity Ratios: How Well Does a Company Employ Its Assets? The second basic type of financial ratio is the activity ratio. Activity ratios indicate how well a company employs its assets. Ineffective utilization of assets results in the need for more finance, unnecessary interest costs, and a correspondingly lower return on capital employed. Furthermore, low activity ratios or a deterioration in the activity ratios may indicate uncollectible accounts receivables or obsolete inventory or equipment Total asset turnover measures the company’s effectiveness in utilizing its total assets and is calculated by dividing total assets into sales: Net sales/Total assets 1. Total asset turnover for Magnentronics in 1999 can be calculated by dividing $48,769 into $22,780. The turnover deteriorated from 2. 17 times in 1995 to 2. 14 times in 1999. It is useful to examine the turnover ratios for each type of asset, as the use of total assets may hide important problems in one of the specific asset categories. One important category is accounts receivables. The average collection period measures the number of days that the company must wait on average between the time of sale and the time when it is paid. The average collection period is calculated in two steps. First, divide annual credit sales by 365 days to determine average sales per day: Net credit sales/365 days Then, divide the accounts receivable by average sales per day to determine the number of days of sales that are still unpaid: Accounts receivable/Credit sales per day 2. Magnetronics had $7,380 invested in accounts receivables at year-end 1999. Its average sales per day were $133,614 during 1999 and its average collection period was 55. 23 days. This represented an improvement from the average collection period of 58. 68 days in 1995. A third activity ratio is the inventory turnover ratio, which indicates the effectiveness with which the company is employing inventory. Since inventory is recorded on the balance sheet at cost (not at its sales value), it is advisable to use cost of goods sold as the measure of activity. The inventory turnover figure is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by inventory: Cost of goods sold/Inventory 3. Magnetronics apparently needed $8,220 of inventory at year-end 1999 to support its operations during 1999. Its activity during 1999 as measured by the cost of goods sold was $29,700. It therefore had an inventory turnover of 3. 61 times. This represented a deterioration from 4. 76 times in 1995. A fourth and final activity ratio is the fixed asset turnover ratio which measures the effectiveness of the company in utilizing its plant and equipment: Net sales/Net fixed assets 4. Magnetronics had net fixed assets of $5,160 and sales of $48,769 in 1999. Its fixed asset turnover ratio in 1999 was 9. 45 times, an improvement from 7. 8 times in 1995. 5. So far, we have discussed three measure of profitability: They are (a) return of equity (b) return on invested capital and (c) net profit margin. We have also discussed four activity ratios which measure the effectiveness of the company in utilizing its assets: they are (d) total asset turnover (e) asset turnover ratio (f) inventory turnover ratio and (g) average collection period. 6. The deterioration in Magnetronics’ operating profits as a percentage of total assets between 1995 and 1999 resulted primarily from inefficient use of inventory and total assets, increase in COGS and operating expenses as a ercentage of sales. Leverage Ratios: How Soundly is the Company Financed? The third basic type of financial ratio is the leverage ratio. The various leverage ratios measure the relationship of funds supplied by creditors and the funds supplied by the owners. The use of borrowed funds by profitable companies will improve the return on equity. However, it increases the riskiness of the business and, if used in excessive amounts, can result in financial embarrassment. One leverage ratio, the debt ratio, measures the total funds provided by creditors as a percentage of total assets: Total liabilities/Total assets Total liabilities include both current and long-term liabilities. 1. The total liabilities of Magnetronics as of December 31, 1999, were $10,587 or 46. 47% of total assets. This represented a decrease from 48. 55% as of December 31, 1995. Lenders — especially long-term lenders — want reasonable assurance that the firm will be able to repay the loan in the future. They are concerned with the relationship between total debt and the economic value of the firm. This ratio is called the total debt ratio at market. Total liabilities/(Total liabilities+Market value of the equity) The market value of equity is calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding of common stock times the market price per share. 2. The market value of Magnetronics’ equity is $14,275,000 at December 31, 1999. Its total debt ratio at market was 42. 58%. A second ratio that relates the level of debt to economic value and performance is the times interest earned ratio. This ratio relates earnings before interest and taxes — a measure of profitability and of long-term viability — to the interest expense — a measure of the level of debt. Earnings before interest and taxes/Interest expense 3. Magnetronics’ earnings before interest and taxes were $2,528 in 1999 and its interest charges were $517 . Its times interest earned was 4. 89 times. This represented a deterioration from the 1995 level of 7. 12 times. A fourth and final leverage ratio is the number of days of payables. This ratio measures the average number of days that the company is taking to pay its suppliers of raw materials and components. It is calculated by dividing annual purchases by 365 days to determine average purchases per day: Annual purchases/365 days Accounts payable are then divided by average purchases per day: Accounts payable/Average purchases per day to determine the number of days purchases that are still unpaid. It is often difficult to determine the purchases of a firm. Instead, the income statement shows cost of goods sold, a figure that includes not only raw materials but also labor and overhead. Thus, it often is only possible to gain a rough idea as to whether or not a firm is becoming more or less dependent on its suppliers for finance. This can be done by relating accounts payable to cost of goods sold, Accounts payable/Cost of goods sold and following this ratio over time. 4. Magnetronics owed its suppliers $2,820 at year-end 1999. This represented 9. 49% of cost of goods sold and was an increase from 8. 42% at year-end 1995. The company appears to be less prompt in paying its suppliers in 1999 than it was in 1995. 5. The deterioration in Magnetronics’ profitability, as measured by its return on equity, from 15. 2% in 1995 to 10. 7% in 1999 resulted from the combined impact of faster growth of equity than net income and increased COGS and operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. 6. The financial riskiness of Magnetronics increased between 1995 and 1999. Liquidity Ratios: How Liquid is the Company? The fourth basic type of financial ratio is the liquidity ratio. These ratios measure a company’s ability to meet financial obligations as they become current. The current ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, Current assets/Current liabilities assumes that current assets are much more readily and certainly convertible into cash than other assets. It relates these fairly liquid assets to the claims that are due within one year — the current liabilities. . Magnetronics held $17,620 of current assets at year-end 1999 and owed $7,531 to creditors due to be paid within one year. Its current ratio was 2. 34, a deterioration from the ratio of 2. 41 at year-end 1995. The quick ratio or acid test, is similar to the current ratio but excludes inventory from the current assets: (Current assets – Inventory)/Current liabilities Inve ntory is excluded because it is often difficult to convert into cash (at least at book value) if the company is struck by adversity. 2. The quick ratio for Magnetronics at year-end 1999 was 1. 25, a deterioration from the ratio of 1. 52 at year-end 1995. A Warning The calculated ratios are no more valid than the financial statements from which they are derived. The quality of the financial statements should be assessed, and appropriate adjustments made, before any ratios are calculated. Particular attention should be placed on assessing the reasonableness of the accounting choices and assumptions embedded in the financial statements. The Case of the Unidentified Industries The preceding exercise suggests a series of questions that may be helpful in assessing a company’s future financial health. It also describes several ratios that are useful in answering some of the questions, especially if the historical trend in these ratios is examine. However, it is also important to compare the actual absolute value with some standard to determine whether the company is performing well. Unfortunately, there is no single current ratio, inventory turnover, or debt ratio that is appropriate to all industries, and even within a specific industry, ratios may vary significantly among companies. The operating and competitive characteristics of the company’s industry greatly influence its investment in the various types of assets, the riskiness of these investments, and the financial structure of its balance sheet. Try to match the five following types of companies with their corresponding balance sheets and financial ratios as shown in Exhibit 3. 1. Electric utility B 2. Japanese trading companyD 3. Aerospace manufacturer E 4. Automobile manufacturer A 5. Supermarket chain C In doing the exercise, consider the operating and competitive characteristics of the industry and their implications for (1) the collection period, (2) inventory turnover, (3) the amount of plant and equipment and (4) the appropriate financial structure. Then identify which one of the five sets of balance sheets and financial ratios best matches your expectations. Exhibit 3Unidentified Balance Sheet – BEST MATCHES EXPECTATONS! | A| B| C| D| E| Balance Sheet Percentages| | | | | | Cash| 7. 6%| 2. 7%| 1. 4%| 7. 2%| 12. 7%| Receivables| 31. 7| 4. 7| 2. 9| 60. 3| 11. 5| Inventories| 5. 3| 2. 0| 23. 0| 8. | 48. 1| Other current assets| 1. 2| 3. 0| 1. 8| 7. 3| 0. 0| Property and equipment (net)| 30. 2| 66. 6| 49. 9| 4. 3| 25. 0| Other assets| 24. 0| 21. 0| 21. 0| 12. 2| 2. 7| Total assets| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | | | | | | Notes payable| 38. 4%| 4. 2%| 4. 6%| 50. 8%| 0. 9%| Accounts payable| 5. 5| 3. 0| 20. 0| 15. 2| 21. 5| Other current liabilities| 1. 5| 4. 7| 12. 7| 5. 7| 27. 4| Long-term debt| 17. 4| 30. 0| 37. 5| 22. 7| 8. 1| Other liabilities| 26. 5| 22. 9| 9. 8| 1. 3| 8. 1| Owners equity| 10. 7| 35. 2| 15. 4| 4. 3| 34. 0| Total liabilities and equity| 100. 0%| 100. %| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | | | | | | Selected RatIos| | | | | | Net profits/net sales| . 04| . 14| . 02| . 01| . 05| Net profits/total assets| . 03| . 05| . 06| . 01| . 03| Net profits/owners’ equity| . 29| . 14| . 41| . 13| . 10| Net sales/total assets| . 78| . 36| 3. 2| 2. 1| . 67| Collection period (days)| 149| 48| 3| 106| 63| Inventory turnover| 11| 10| 10| 23| 1. 1| Total liabilities/total assets| . 89| . 65| . 85| . 96| . 66| Long-term debt/owners equity| 1. 6| . 85| 2. 4| 5. 3| . 24| Current assets/current liabilities| 1. 0| 1. 0| . 8| 1. 0| 1. 4| Quick ratio| . 9| . 9| . 2| . 9| . 5| How to cite Cash Flow, Essay examples Cash flow Free Essays This has become increasingly important because of modern technological advances and increased competition. In today’s business environment, having a top-notch value flow is a dominant core competency for companies. In addition, as a consumer it is interesting to learn how companies are able to develop more efficient and effective value flow practices, and how this generates a domino effect throughout the business marketplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to better understand this concept, articles pertaining to value flow will be researched and compared to textbook readings from the course. In addition, the concept of value flow will be biblically integrated and applied to real-life situations in the market. Comparison In Operations management for Mambas the authors, Meredith and Shafer (201 3), describe value in two ways: How much a customer is willing to pay for a good or service and the opposite of waste. Meredith et al. (2013) go on to explain how value is ultimately defined by the customer, and organizational practices that utilize resources but do not create any perceived value for the customer is wasteful (p. 180). For example, overproduction, inefficient inventory’, long wait times, redundant transporting and processing, and deficiencies are all types of waste; also referred to as mud (Meredith et al. P. 180, 2013). Notably, Meredith et al. (2013) discuss how to identify an organization’s value stream, ways to make value efficiently flow, and provide examples of various value stream approaches. The authors explain that a value stream is the group of processes, both valuable and invaluable, from, that create a product or service and deliver it to the customer including, â€Å"†¦ He design of the OUtPUt; continues through the operations function, where raw materials are transformed into finished goods; and ends with the delivery of its output to the consumer† (Meredith et al. , p. 181 , 2013). In addition, Meredith et al. (2013) describe potential obstacles for efficient value flow such as erratic processes, incorrect batching sizes, and traditional organization structu res separating steps by department (p. 1 86). Operations management for Mambas effectively provides a broad overview of value flow, but a more comprehensive understanding of the concept can be gained through additional research (Meredith et al. P. 180-186, 2013). For example, Shaman (2013) conducts a study throughout the Egyptian industrial sector that aims to create a standardized tool to measure the impacts of value creation emission. Like Meredith et al. (2013), Shaman (201 3), describes waste as mud and describes how this pipe of waste is usually discovered after the process is already in place (p. 17). In addition, Shaman (2013) resourcefully makes a connection between lean manufacturing processes and value flow (p. 17-35). Engendered-Nonwhite, (2012) conducts a similar study that attempts to develop a three-step approach to aid companies in facilitating flexibility and adaptability practices in situations requiring customized products and services (p. 31 8-337). Acetate, Catheter, and Pacification (2011 ) grow off of Hess concepts in a study that focuses On the use of value stream mapping. Acetate et al. (2011) use value stream maps as diagnostic tools to effectively formulate a strategic plan for a company in need of overall value improvement (p. 99-11 0). The articles researched resourcefully expand on information provided in Meredith et al. ‘s (2013) textbook. By providing real-world and conceptual examples and illustrating thoughtful analysis, these articles promote critical thinking skills. As described in a conference by Huntington Install Industries that stresses the importance of quality education in technology, engineering, science, and mathematics fields, developing critical thinking skills the rough education fosters the development of value creation activities in professional occupations (â€Å"Huntington Install Industries,† 2014). For example, Ductwork (2014) describes how, â€Å"Stakeholder leadership embeds the principles of credible and open problem solving,† which aids in ensuring the value stream meets buyer expectations (p. 19-20). Article Summary In Measuring and Building Lean Thinking for Value Creation in Supply Chains the author, Iranian Shaman (2013), attempts to develop a tool to examine apply chain readiness by measuring the impact of lean thinking and examining the functions of customers, competitors, and suppliers (p. 17). Before conducting this study, Shaman (2013) presents a literature review that provides an overabundance of information regarding lean manufacturing and value creation. For example, she describes lean thinking principles as recognizing what is perceived value by the consumer, developing an efficient value stream, and removing any forms offsets (p. 20-22). In addition, Shaman (2013) stresses the importance of eliminating all possible barriers hat could affect an efficient flow of value throughout the supply chain (p. 0;22). To conduct the study, Shaman (2013) distributed four hundred questionnaires to companies throughout the industrial industry to determine if there is correlation between lean thinking and value creation and if so, to identify the determinants (p. 22-24). As a result, Shaman (2013) successfully assessed the information gathered and effectively developed a standardized tool to measure and compare various types of lean thinking to degrees of value creation (p. 4-28). La stly, the author stresses the importance of inducting future studies in this field to explore additional interrelationships and foster continuous advancements throughout supply chain management (Shaman, p. 28, 2013). Biblical Integration Adding value to supply chain processes is not always as simple as it sounds. Theoretically, all a company needs to do is ensure all processes efficiently flow and produce the maximum amount of output at the most effective rate. However, it is important to recognize a company can still fail even if it produces the highest quality product in its industry if consumers do not deem that product valuable. At the same rate, it is vital for companies to not become complacent with processes when business is striving. As described in scripture, â€Å"Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time,† (Ephesians 5:15-16, ESP.), it is critical to strive for continuous improvement to preserve a competitive edge. Another key aspect of creating an efficient value flow is teamwork. Two [are] better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor (Ecclesiastic 4:9-12, KAVA). By cultivating a centralized organizational effort, companies are able to foster creativity and innovation. Like the seed described in Corinthians, † he who supplies seed to the sorer and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness† (2 Corinthians g: ID, NIP). Application Developing an efficient value flow is an imperative aspect of being successful in today’s business world. Global competitors, advances in technology, and the continuous push for innovation have noticeably increased rivalry. These pushes have made it progressively more difficult for companies to remain relevant. In response, researchers have expanded the study of value flows ND have successfully discovered determinants of value, effects of proficient and inefficient value flow throughout the supply chain, and have developed applications of value creation tools. For example, James Woman (n. D. Describes how Toast’s use of value stream mapping aids visualizing life cycles, identifying sources of waste, developing a continuous flow, and linking organizational processes to perceived value by customers. Developing and utilizing instruments like this can make the difference between being a dominant competitor and irrelevant. Annotated Bibliography Acetate, V. , Catheter, G. Pacification, C. (2011). Value stream mapping implementation in the third sector. Operations Management Research, 4(1 ), p. 99-110. Retrieved from http://sea arch. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:2048/epicenter/deceive/90091 3627/ A23F33330F7 Valentine Acetate, Canonical Catheter, and Claudia Pacification conducted a study that assesses the use of value stream mapping in application to work placement services. Specifically, the authors assess how value stream mapping will aid Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre in identifying critical points in the value flow chain and suggest actions for continuous improvement during the reorganization process. After researching previous case studies, Acetate et al. Chose to apply the Allison and Kayak model used by Toyota to conduct this study. As a result, the authors developed a strategic application of value stream mapping for Don Lugging Palazzo Solidarity Centre consisting of: Planning and preparation, mission and vision statements, analysis of internal and external environment, and strategic value stream planning. Specifically, the results stress the need for a new form design layout that is more simplistic and agile, a new standard criterion for chronologically ling forms, and fluent training and communication to ensure all members comprehensively understand complete flow of activities. The information provided throughout this study successfully illustrates the usefulness of value strategy mapping to increase quality, value flow effectiveness, and end user satisfaction. Ductwork, H. (2014). The employee stakeholder. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 19-20. Retrieved from http:// search. Protest. Com. Explore. Liberty. Du:20 48/PC central/ 1 2085 Throughout this article the author, Holly Ductwork, expresses the importance of stakeholder leadership. She describes how the responsiveness and practice of stakeholder leadership aids in ensuring social responsibility and positive organizational performance. How to cite Cash flow, Papers

They Say / I Say the Moves free essay sample

That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst BY arrange They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst Awes mom They Say / I Say shows that writing well means mastering some key rhetorical moves, the most important of which involves summarizing what others have said (they say) to set up ones own argument (I say). In addition to explaining the basic moves, this book provides writing templates that show students explicitly how to make these moves in their own writing.Now available in two versions, with and without an anthology of 32 readings. . Personal Review: They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings by Russell Durst I begrudgingly bought this book for my senior seminar. I thought it would be a bit childish for the class and the expected maturity level of the students therein. As a result, it sat on my bookshelf, ignored for most of the semester. We will write a custom essay sample on They Say / I Say: the Moves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is, until I was having problems writing my final paper. At a loss, I turned to this book, and immediately started kicking myself for not doing so sooner.Every other writing guide and style book I have come across has been largely useless and rough reading. Graff and Birr kinetics efforts succeed where these others have failed. Their book is not only accessible, but well divided into manageable parts that are rich in advice, but not overwhelmingly so. I started the book doubtful of their strategies, particularly the use of templates. However, I was quickly won over. I soon came to see that rather than stifling, the templates helped arrange what I was trying to say in a way that made it much easier to make my points.